RECENT LITERATURE

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS

The abstracts and bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of D. E. Proctor, by P. T. Diefenderfer, P. P. Denune, C. W. Hayes, E. L. Setterlund, and Mrs. E. R. Rich, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago. Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification printed in the January number of the Journal.

I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON

Diversions of a Lost Soul.-William Cowper was constantly obsessed by a delusion of personal damnation. His literary activities are best understood as attempts to forget this obsession.-Gamaliel Bradford, Atlantic Monthly, CXXXIV (September, 1924), 361–70. (I, 1.) E. R. R.

The Contemporary Theory of Instinct.-The difficulty with McDougall's theory of instincts is that he considers the instincts as psychological dispositions which are prompted to activity by appropriate stimulus and again are spoken of as a mental force which is native of the mind. But there are no instincts which prompt action. We cannot separate the inherited from the acquired activities, since we cannot separate the organism from the environment. Sex and nutrition have greatly influenced human behavior, but so has all the world of external nature. Since there are no repressed instincts to be liberated, the cause of social unrest is due to the suppression of numerous activities, while the causing stimuli are permitted to operate without restraint.-B. M. Laing, The Monist, XXXV (January, 1925), 49-69. (I, 2, 4.) E. L. S.

The Oral Complex.-The oral complex is defined as the "unconscious system of experience pertaining quite closely to the mouth and its appendages." The author discusses oral behavior in infants, stressing the importance of visual impressions of feeding, "consisting of experience, visual, kinesthetic, and tactile," in which an experience is structuralized into a "complex-image" held together by a powerful satisfaction feeling. The writer believes that great sections of adult thought can be interpreted as related more to complex-images from this "unconscious structure" than to logical conceptualization.-Harry S. Sullivan, The Psychoanalytic Review, XII (January, 1925), 30–38. (I, 3.) E. L. S.

Some Emotional Problems Seen in the Superior Child.—Two cases are cited, one in grade school and the other in high school, of undue emphasis of the intellectual aspect of the child's life which proved detrimental to its adjustment to the everyday life of contacts with both the play and study groups. Mental hygienists and educators must realize that even in the case of superior individuals, intellect without normal emotional and physical organization is essentially unproductive in the social sense.-Marion E. Kenworthy, American Journal of Psychiatry, IV (January, 1925), 490-98. (I, 3.) E. L. S.

Educating the Gifted Child.-The possession of a brilliant intellect and a high I.Q. does not always mean that the child will be a successful leader or will have the strongest character traits. The gifted child has had every attention except upon the side of personality. This phase of his training should be given careful consideration, so that he may not be self-centered but shall learn to labor for mankind.--Anna Gillingham, American Review, I (July-August, 1923), 401-12. (I, 3.) E. R. R.

The Welfare of Children in Bituminous Coal-Mining Communities in West Virginia.-This study of the welfare of children in eleven representative bituminous coal-mining communities includes a schedule study of the homes, an inquiry into community conditions, a brief survey of school facilities, an inquiry into conditions among miners' families living outside of mining communities. In all, 645 families (with 1,965 children) were interviewed.-Nettie P. McGill, United States Department of Labor, Children's Bureau (1923). (I, 3; VIII, 3; IX, 3.)

C. W. H.

Three Fundamental Errors of Behaviorists and the Reconciliation of the Purposive and Mechanistic Concepts.-One fundamental error of the behaviorists is the denial of consciousness as a cause of bodily reactions. Any psychology that ignores consciousness as a cause of our actions will be considered nonsense by the common people. A second error is the attempt completely to explain behavior in terms of correlated neural and other bodily processes alone. The third error is confining experimentation to the objective method only. According to Prince, consciousness is the reality of a particular portion of energy: the unknowable of physics, and the brain processes of the physiologist "from within." These are two aspects of one process. They may be said to be modes in which the conscious process is ideally apprehended by a second organism. When we think in terms of mind, we must think in terms of will and purpose; when in terms of physiology, in terms of mechanism and reflexes. Consciousness is the real thing, while mechanistic purposes are but symbols of the real. Since we know practically nothing about brain processes, we are compelled to explain casual antecedents of behavior in terms of mind, will, and purpose, and not of reflexes.-Morton Prince, Pedagogical Seminary, XXXII (March, 1925), 143-65. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Genesis of the Self and Social Control.-Social groups have arisen both with invertebrates and vertebrates. Among invertebrates, individual acts are completed not only through other individuals, but also through the physiological differentiation of members of its society. Among vertebrates there is little physiological differentiation, and social co-operation must come through identification which makes common action realized. The social act is restricted to the class of acts which involve the co-operation of more than one individual. The objective of the social act is found in the life-process of the group, and not in separate individuals. Social control depends upon the degree to which the individuals in society are able to assume the attitudes of others who are involved with them in common endeavor. If people can enter into each others' lives they will inevitably have a common object which will control their common conduct. This task involves not merely the breaking down of passive barriers of distance and space, but those fixed attitudes of custom and status in which the self is imbedded.-George H. Mead, International Journal of Ethics, XXXV (April, 1925), 251–77. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Meaning of Value.-The only intelligent discussion of value as such is the "essential" question-the question of how values come to be, that is, how things come to possess the quality of value. "Liking," as an indispensable ingredient, or constituent, in those situations which have a value quality. Furthermore, "thought" is involved in the attitude of the subject in the situation in which value occurs as a quality. By "thought" is meant "a recognition of meaning"; and in meaning is implied reference beyond the present or immediate state, a reference to something ulterior or eventually to something which, being outside the immediate state and yet implied in it, may be called, in the logical sense at least, "objective." Mere blind impulsive "liking" must be distinguished from a thoughtful liking which allows for the education and cultivation of taste factors in the value-situation.-John Dewey, Journal of Philosophy, XXII (February 26, 1925), 126–33. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Mechanism of the Psychoneuroses.-While psychoneurosis is a functional disturbance, not all functional disorders should be called psychoneuroses, since the nervous system may be affected by mechanical or chemical agencies. There is a third agency affecting the functions of the nervous system which is psychological. It

has to do with sensations and perceptions, and with the ideas and notions which are derived from them. The measures for dealing with it are not mechanical nor chemical, but psychological. The genesis of the psychoneurosis is to be found in an emotional attitude which "disadapts the patient's happy response to surroundings."Tom A. Williams, American Journal of Psychiatry, IV (January, 1925), 431-41. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Sense of Society.-Nowhere do individuals live separately. Humanity as a society is a building, not a heap of stones. Society is divided everywhere into scales higher and lower. Gradation is found in the homes, schools, states, and most of all in individuals, where specialization has occurred. If the individual serves society, society develops the individual, and more particularly brings out the special individual who can best help society to achieve its ends or can best voice what it wishes to express. While the individual gives himself for his home, his country, and mankind, he is also imbued with the spirit of the universe and impelled to act in accordance with it. There is no actual brotherhood, but there is a close, intense affinity, and it is this that binds nations together in a society of nations.-Francis Younghusband, The Sociological Review, XVII (January, 1925), 1–13. (I, 4.)

P.T.D.

A Relative Concept of Consciousness.-When we neglect to take account of the "organic mass-consciousness of man," to which the personal systems of men, single and collective, are but relative, we fail to reckon with a significant dimension entering the discrimination of the subjective life of man. There is need to recognize that in the sphere of consciousness, as in the realm of physics, it is in the kinetic dimension-comprising the organic participation and inclusiveness of life itself— which actuates the other three dimensions, and which, in uniting all, embodies the relativity of consciousness as an organic reality.-Trigant Burrow, The Psychoanalytic Review, XII (January, 1925), 1-15. (I, 4; 2.) E. L. S.

Personality and Culture.-Man's biological equipment is practically constant, but culture is an actively varying factor. American anthropologists emphasize the cultural phases of personality development, whereas the psychologists tend to stress the physiological. Since about 80 per cent of the neuroses and psychoses are of a functional-non-physiological-nature, and in consideration of the inadequacy of psycho-biological explanations of personality, it would seem expedient for the psychologist to shift his emphasis from the physiological to the cultural or situational factors, as the more dynamic sociologists are trying to do.-Leslie A. White, The Open Court, XXXIX (March, 1925), 145–49. (I, 4; 2.) E. L. S.

II. THE FAMILY

Women in Missouri Industries.-A survey of hours and wages for women in industry during the months of May and June, 1922, in 22 cities and towns, including all but two of the cities in the state which showed a population of 10,000 or more in the 1920 census. Information was secured from pay-rolls and managements of 174 establishments employing 17,939 women.-Caroline Manning, Ruth I. Voris, Elizabeth A. Hyde, United States Department of Labor, Bulletin of the Women's Bureau No. 35 (1924). (II, 3.) C. W. H.

Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations.-An account is presented of the Domestic Efficiency Association of Baltimore, which was organized in September, 1921, for the purpose of putting domestic service on a better and more standardized basis. There is a detailed study of the records of this association.-Mary E. Robinson, United States Department of Labor, Bulletin of the Women's Bureau No. 39 (1924). (II, 3.) C. W. H.

The First Report on Marriage Statistics in New York State (Exclusive of New York City) for the Three Years, 1916, 1917, 1918 Combined, and for the Year 1919.-Nineteen tables are presented indicating facts of age, color, country of birth, previous conjugal condition, divorce, residence of the bride and groom, for marriages in these years.-Otto R. Eichel, Division of Vital Statistics, New York State Department of Health (March 1, 1921). (II, 3.) C. W. H.

The Family and Child Welfare.-Normal family life demands such standards as health, recreation, fit companionship, education, and an adequate income. Failure in these standards on the part of the family leads to such problems as delinquency, immorality, incompetency, and ignorance. It is particularly in the family that moral and spiritual life are founded and nourished as they can be in no other way.-Walter G. Beach, Child Welfare Magazine, XIX (April, 1925), 397-99. II, 3.) E. L. S.

III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS

Tewa Kin, Clan, and Moiety.-The kinship terms of the Tewa have interesting variations from town to town, showing that terms are borrowed irrespective of language. There is but little merging of direct and collateral kin. Elsewhere, except at Taos, where there are no clans, kinship terms are used as clan terms. A moiety system of "summer people" and "winter people" is a substitute for clans in the social consciousness.-Elsie Clew Parsons, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 333–39. (III, 1.) E. R. R.

The Shaman of Niue. The priesthood of the Niuean people (Polynesia) is an archaic survival which was perpetuated by comparative isolation. There were no classes of the shaman, but every individual was capable of performing all the duties incumbent upon his profession, as was the shaman of Siberia. Some were possessed of good mental health, while others were intermittently insane. Insanity is still respected in Niue.-E. M. Loeb, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 393-02. (III, 1.) E. R. R.

Evolution or Diffusion?-The component elements of folk tales common to two areas decrease in number the greater the distance between the areas, and while in intermediate regions we find much that reminds us of the extreme types that are being compared, the extremes themselves may be fundamentally distinct. This condition may be observed in the folklore of the North Pacific Coast, as in other parts of the world. It represents a general situation applicable to all culture phenomena. It is not permissible to assume that one of the types is derived from the other unless it can be proved that one type is older than the other, that the younger type necessarily develops from the older one, and that dynamic conditions are present which are capable of causing such development. A more plausible theory takes the two distinctive types as given, and accepts as proved the presence of diffusion. The natural history of the family: From this point of view it is not possible to prove that various forms of descent started from a matrilineal type.-Franz Boas, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 340-44. (III, 2; II, 1.) E. R. R.

The Sequence of Cultures in Mexico.-Archaeological research has hitherto gone from the complex to the simple. We should now proceed in an ascending line from the elementary to the complex, or from the mother-culture to its derivatives. This study can be made from five points of view. First, we should locate the original home of Neolithic culture before its emigration to America. Second, we must ascertain in what parts of the United States and Canada vestiges of this culture still exist in the Neolithic state. Third, we should determine the mother culture from which the other pre-Hispanic civilizations of Mexico are derived. Fourth, we must determine the character of the archaic or mother culture. The fifth step should consist in following the migration of North American civilization toward Central and South America and in finding what differentiation is experienced in coming into touch with new geographic, climatic, botanical, and zoological conditions.-Manuel Gamio, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 307-22. (III, 1.)

E. R. R.

The Social Organization of the Tribes of the North Pacific Coast.-The variety of forms of social organization found among the tribes of the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia range from purely matrilineal clan organization in the extreme north to village communities with loose family organization with bilateral descent in the south, the central regions having a mixed type in which descent in the

female line is obtained by transfer of privileges from a man to his son-in-law.— Franz Boas, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 323-32. (III, 1.) E. R. R.

A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture.-A detailed description is given of the social organization, descent, ceremonial observances, taboos, shamanism, and material culture of the Serrano Indians of southern California.-Ruth Fulton Benedict, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 366-92. (III, 1.)

E. R. R.

When Is a Citizen Not a Citizen?-American citizens of Italian, Greek, Rumanian, Polish, Dutch, Swiss, French, Russian, and German origin are subject to call for military service from their native countries. Thus they have a double citizenship. In many cases they are practically forced to become naturalized in this country. Instead of coercing them to become citizens we should have restricted naturalization, and every immigrant from any country should be required to show wherein he has been of actual service to this country before being granted the boon of citizenship.-Imogen B. Oakley, Atlantic Monthly, CXXXV (January, 1925), 19–27. (III, 4; VI, 5.) E. R. R.

The Unarmed Invasion.-The three kinds of smuggling-liquor, drugs, and aliens are so interwoven as to form a single problem, as they are carried on more or less by the same persons and instrumentalities. Stringent restriction of immigration is the only means of conserving our racial character and culture. The standard of living is always lowered by overpopulation. Congress should take the necessary legislative steps to conserve our economic, social, and racial resources.-Stuart H. Perry, Atlantic Monthly, CXXXV (January, 1925), 70–77. (III, 4.) E. R. R.

An Immigrant at the Crossroads.-The writer, a Pole, describes his life as an immigrant in America. Stanislaw Gutowski, Scribner's Magazine, LXXVII (February, 1925), 185–92. (III, 4; I, 2.) P. T. D.

A Survey of the Cause and Extent of Crime Among Foreigners in Omaha.-This study of the criminal records of the city of Omaha for the year 1922 includes those of the police court, district and federal criminal courts, and those of the adult parole officer. Information regarding the various nationalities was gathered by home visitation, interviews, and daily contact.-Miss Beatrice Harvey, University of Omaha Bulletin (January, 1924). III, 4; VIII, 1.)

C. W. H.

Immigration and the Problem of the Alien Insane.-The institutions in New York which care for the insane are crowded to the extent of 25 per cent beyond their capacity. This condition is due largely to laxity on the part of Congress to provide sufficient funds for the use of officials who are responsible for enforcing the immigration law prohibiting the admission of alien insane. The political and business powers from centers largely populated by foreign-born persistently interfere with faithful administration of laws, and the executive department tends to heed these demands. Restriction of the admission of alien insane not only concerns the overburdened state of New York, but has vitally to do with the mental health of the entire nation.-Spencer L. Dawes, American Journal of Psychiatry, IV (January, 1925), 449-70. (III, 4; VIII, 4.) E. L. S.

Inter-Racial Problems and White Colonization in the Tropics.-The conclusion that the white man is not physiologically disqualified for manual labor in the tropics and may colonize any part of Australia simplifies interracial problems in providing an additional outlet for the European race. The world has reached its present position by the help of each of the three great races, and still needs the special qualities of each. The three races are not at their best when associated in mass. The policy of co-residence with the maintenance of racial integrity has failed to secure harmonious progress in North America and in South Africa.-J. W. Gregory, Scottish Geographical Magazine, XL (September, 1924), 258–82. (III, 5.) E. L. S.

Post-War Migration from Britain.-In spite of legislation and considerable agitation and publicity the volume of migration from Britain to the Empire remains