ing that beverages obtained by the alcoholic fermentation of barley, malt, cereals, and hops in water, or by natural fermentation of fruits or vegetables containing not more than 3 per cent alcohol by volume," may be manufactured, sold, or transported for sale in original packages for consumption in homes and places other than the place of sale." 19 22 On February 22, 1927, Senator Edge, of New Jersey, presented an amendment to the Constitution which would authorize private persons within any State, Territory, or possession, to manufacture intoxicating liquors under Federal authority, supervision, and restrictions.2 The last amendment on the subject introduced in the Sixty-ninth Congress was one presented by Mr. Phillips, of Pennsylvania. His amendment provided that Congress shall have power to regulate and prohibit the liquor traffic, but that the several States shall not be "deprived of any of their regulatory or prohibitory power.' 24 In the first session of the Seventieth Congress, Senator Edwards, of New Jersey, proposed the repeal of the eighteenth amendment, the said repeal to become effective when ratified by conventions in three-fourths of the several States. His resolution stipulated that the conventions must be held prior to the 1930 congressional elections; further, that the delegates to the said conventions were to be elected by a majority in each State of the qualified voters thereof; and that the number of the delegates and the time and place of the conventions were to be determined by the respective State legislatures. 25 22 App., Nos. 1302, 1311. 28 App., No. 1306. 24 App., No. 1307. 25 App., No. 1326. On December 14, 1927, Mr. McLeod, of Michigan, submitted a resolution which would modify the eighteenth amendment so as to permit the manufacture and transportation of intoxicating beverages intended for use "in the home and places of abode." 20 Mr. Sabath, of Illinois, in a resolution described as an amendment of the eighteenth amendment, proposed on December 15, 1927, that Congress be empowered to provide means for establishing Federal dispensaries for intoxicating liquors with the provision that it shall not establish dispensaries "in any State or Territory where intoxicating liquors are prohibited by law, nor in any municipality unless demanded by a majority vote at any special or regular election." 27 On February 13, 1928, Mr. Sabath introduced another resolution on the same subject, this time proposing that Congress should have power to provide for the manufacture and transportation of intoxicating liquors under a system of governmental permits and restrictions. He added in this resolution an inhibition similar to the one contained in his previous resolution, namely, that Congress should not permit the issuance of governmental permits in any State or Territory where laws prohibit intoxicating beverages, nor in any political subdivision of the United States (outside the District of Columbia) until requested by an act of the legislature or referendum vote of such political subdivision.28 98. Woman suffrage. The adoption of the nineteenth amendment to the Consituation, prohibiting the denial of the suffrage on account of sex, came as the culmination of over half a century's 26 App., No. 1334. 27 App., No. 1335. 28 App., No. 1348. efforts for the universal enfranchisement of women. From January 23, 1866, to June 4, 1919, no less than 118 amendments providing for woman suffrage were introduced in Congress, and the final adoption came only after a most prolonged and bitter contest as to the feasibility and wisdom of further restricting the States in their sovereign right to determine the qualifications of their electors. In order to show how this amendment was at last inevitable I will give a brief history of the suffrage movement in this country, indicating its progress from section to section until, in 1919, 41 of the 48 States had in some form and to some degree granted women the right of the ballot. 99. History of the suffrage movement in the States.29 Passing over the negligible instance of New Jersey, where, from 1776 to 1807, on account of an oversight in the Constitution, women in that State had the right to vote, the question of woman suffrage did not assume any great public importance until after the Civil War. In 1869 two national organizations were formed pledged to work for universal suffrage—the National Women's Suffrage Association, in New York, and the American Woman's Suffrage Association, in Cleveland. In the same year the Legislature of the Territory of Wyoming passed a measure conferring the privilege of the ballot upon its 29 The section giving the history of the suffrage movement in the States is based mostly on material contained in the book entitled "A Brief History of the Movement for Woman Suffrage," by Ida Husted Harper, and the book, "Woman Suffrage by Federal Constitutional Amendment," by Carrie Chapman Catt. 30 Bryce, II, p. 553. It has been claimed that the bill granting the suffrage was pushed through by means of a strategem and that the legislature as a whole did not really intend passing it. Two other Territories, Utah and Washington, also attempted to give their women the right of suffrage, but their laws in this respect were nullified-the 'former by a Federal statute, because it was thought the measure was passed to increase the political strength of the Mormons with their numerous wives, and the latter by a decision of the United States Territorial Court declaring that the act of Congress organizing the Washington Territory did not authorize its legislature to enfranchise women. Although the next full grant of the franchise to the women of a State did not come until 1893, many States in the meantime passed legislation permitting their women to vote on certain issues. It may be stated in passing that the State of Kentucky as early as 1838 had permitted women to vote at elections of school officers or on some question connected with schools. In 1875 the State of Minnesota granted these same privileges to the women within its borders, followed by New Hampshire in 1878, Massachusetts in 1879, Mississippi in 1880, New Jersey in 1887, and Connecticut in 1893. During the last year mentioned the Legislature of Colorado submitted to her people the question of granting complete franchise for all purposes to women. The People's Party, which favored woman suffrage, was at this time making heavy inroads upon the old party organizations, and it appears that this party, with the aid of the Knights of Labor and other workmen's organizations declaring for political equality, was most responsible for the majority vote of 6,347 with which the proposal became a law. Although the suffrage organizations were disseminating a great deal of propaganda during this period, and there was much surface agitation in favor of woman suf frage, it does not appear that the women themselves as a whole were very much interested as to whether they got the vote or not. In States where they had been given the full or partial vote they were generally apathetic as to its use. There was always, of course, the small minority which made up in vigor what it did not have in numbers, and these few were able to keep the flag flying inviting those of nonsuffrage States to take up the good cause. There was also the growing opinion among the male citizens that whether or not woman suffrage would better civic conditions, as a matter of abstract right the women as citizens should have the ballot if they wanted it. In 1896 Utah and Idaho granted the full suffrage to the women of those States. In 1894 Iowa and Ohio, in 1898 Delaware and Louisiana, and in 1900 Wisconsin, respectively, empowered the women therein to vote on school or tax measures. At this point the peak seemed to have been reached, as there was no further extension of the suffrage until 1910. Commencing with 1910, however, the tide once more rose and it slowly and effectively commenced to move across the country. New Mexico granted partial suffrage to her women and Washington full suffrage in that year. Then came the following States, all yielding full privileges of the ballot to their citizens without regard to sex: California in 1911; Kansas, Arizona, and Oregon in 1912; Nevada and Montana in 1914; New York in 1917; Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota in 1918; Texas and Tenessee in 1919. The privilege of voting at presidential and municipal elections was given by the following States in the years indicated: Illinois in 1913; Nebraska and North Dakota, 1917; Indiana, 1919. For presidential elections only the privilege was given by |