human beings for whom the institutions are being built are ready and able to benefit from them. UNICEF is unique in fostering both humanitarian and economic development goals.

The United States has been turning more and more to the lending agencies as the funnels through which to channel multilateral aid. Å time comes, however, when no more borrowing is possible; when service charges on the loans become heavier than a sluggish economy is able to bear. UNICEF and UNDP, financed solely by voluntary contributions, are the two agencies which ask for no repayment other than that the program's benefits be continued by the assisted country. Our Government should do everything in its power to encourage the developing countries to focus constantly on building, first of all, the means to a healthier and better life for their children.

If funds were presently available to meet all project proposals now on hand, UNICEF would need over $60 million. Even this figure is not an indication of overall needs, however, but represents information at hand on programs ready to go forward when the funds are available. UNICEF's present target budget of $50 million cannot at this time implement about $10 million in such projects.

NOTED PROJECTS

In conclusion, I would like to tell the committee about an imaginative new idea which has been growing within the past 2 years that may supplement the limited funds now available from government and traditional private contributions. The UNICEF Executive Board meeting in Santiago in May gave its approval to specific projects which they would wish to assist if funds were available; these are called noted projects. If governments-which have already given to the central account an amount at least as great as in previous yearswish to "adopt" such projects and finance them, they may do so. In the same way, through national committees, some volunteer groups in local communities are adopting a project where it is of a scope sufficiently limited to make such underwriting possible. As donor groups choose among "noted" projects, closer direct interest in the recipient country develops and can spread to wider cultural exchanges. Some such projects are now going forward on a country-to-country basis through UNICEF and there are some few U.S. communities that are underwriting the costs of some service in a developing country, thus extending UNICEF's limited central account resources in a most encouraging way.

EMERGENCY AID

The demands on UNICEF's resources, I am sure you are well aware, have been greatly strained by the needs of child victims of the NigeriaBiafra conflict. This tragedy has been so widely publicized around the world that the outpouring of sympathy and funds has shown how generously people will respond when they see illustrations of the need. Special appeals by many private groups are contributing to the alleviation of some of the suffering, as foods and medicines are sent to both sides of the conflict. UNICEF, working in cooperation with the ICRC, is doing its utmost to the extent of its limited resources, along with the leading private church and relief groups involved. We must not overlook, however, other emergency situations that have also made their

demands on UNICEF's limited funds, cyclone disaster in Burma, flood victims in Syria, earthquakes in Iran and Sicily.

The world responds to dramatic disaster. UNICEF's Executive Director, Mr. Henry R. Labouisse, put the problems of the world's children into clear perspective when he commented in his recent annual general progress report:

I sometimes wish there could be a greater sense of urgency about the situation of children throughout the world who live in what many people accept as 'normal" conditions. These include malnutrition, persistent parasitic infection, ignorance for lack of schooling, and a host of other afflictions and miseries which tragically weaken children and their societies.

Of these millions of children growing up under appalling conditions, he added:

They constitute such a large proportion of the world population that we would be justified to speak of a "global emergency" with these millions of children.

The only possible remedy, accelerated general development, is well beyond the scope of UNICEF, but UNICEF has an important catalytic contribution to make to this process.

We trust that you, the members of this committee, will respond to the needs of children and approve this modest contribution of $15 million to aid for the world's children as an expression of our faith in the future.

Thank you, Senator.

(The full statement of Mrs. Van Valkenburgh follows:)

STATEMENT OF MRS. LOIS W. VAN VALKENBURGH, DEPUTY EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR UNICEF ON BEHALF OF AN AUTHORIZATION FOR THE APPROPRIATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND

I am Lois W. Van Valkenburgh, Deputy Executive Secretary of the Citizens Committee for UNICEF. The Citizens Committee for UNICEF is an informal clearing house of legislative information serving a number of national organizations which support continued participation by the United States in the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Some of these organizations send their representatives to present their views to you. Others, listed below, have authorized this joint statement:

American Association of University Women.

American Baptist Convention, Division of Christian Social Concern.
American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO.

American Nurses' Association.

American Parents Committee.

American Veterans Committee.

Association for Childhood Education International.

Child Study Association of America.

Child Welfare League of America, Inc.

Church Women United.

Cooperative League of the U.S.A.

Friends Committee on National Legislation.

Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO.

Jewish War Veterans of the U.S.A.

National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Inc.

National Association of Social Workers, Inc.

National Council of Jewish Women.

National Council of Negro Women, Inc.

National Education Association, Department of Rural Education.

National Jewish Welfare Board.

Unitarian Universalist Women's Federation.

United Methodist Church, Division of World Peace, Board of Christian Social Concerns.

United Methodist Church, Women's Division, Board of Missions.

United World Federalists.

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Y.W.C.A., National Board.

CONTINUITY IN A PERIOD OF CHANGE

The Foreign Relations Committee has demonstrated over the years a keen interest in the work of UNICEF. We, on our part, are deeply grateful for your faith in the aims of the Children's Fund and your consistent support for its programs. One might say that our appearance here again today to request your approval of a U.S. contribution to UNICEF in the Foreign Aid Bill for Fiscal 1970 is unnecessary because we are asking for your support for the same kinds of programs which UNICEF has been carrying forward so successfully in the past. We should like to suggest, however, that it becomes more important than ever to stress the basic soundness of the UNICEF way during this period when so many of the world's institutions are under challenge.

The essential correctness of the UNICEF approach-with its emphasis on selfhelp and internal matching by the assisted cooperating country-to meeting at least some of the needs of children gives the Children's Fund also the necessary flexibility to cope with changing conditions. In the midst of the world's turmoil, assistance to children goes steadily forward, offering a shining beacon to a world torn by violence and dissension. It is important, we think also, that UNICEF aid not only helps meet some of the immediate problems of the children in the developing countries, but more and more, it is assisting longer range programs which help prepare children to play more constructive roles in their countries. It seems, therefore, doubly worthwhile to pause for a fresh look at how these accomplishments become possible. Perhaps the very fact that we can reaffirm our confidence in the accomplishments of UNICEF has noteworthy significance.

A REQUEST FOR $15 MILLION

UNICEF's Executive Director has requested from the United States Government a contribution of $15 million for Fiscal Year 1970. The decision to do so was based on the knowledge that, in the year ahead, UNICEF expected to be able to match a U.S. contribution of $15 million at the 40/60 ratio of contributions from other governments. We understand that a careful weighing of the enormous needs of children and a thorough screening of the requests for assistance from developing countries would support a request for a far larger contribution. The Citizens Committee for UNICEF enthusiastically supports the request of UNICEF's Executive Director for a $15 million contribution this year. Financial Needs

During 1966, 1967 and 1968 UNICEF expenditures exceeded income. This situation was possible because the policy of maintaining substantial reserves was changed and the decision was made to reduce the reserve and put funds to work to benefit children as quickly as possible, counting on subsequent receipts to cover commitments of funds beyond the cash in hand.

The point has now been reached, however, where the cash in hand is as low as prudent administration will allow. Expenditures can no longer be allowed to exceed income. In addition to requests to governments for increases in their contributions, other efforts by UNICEF to respond to the enormous volume of the needs of children will be discussed in a subsequent section.

Comparative Government Statistics

Contributions came from 118 governments other than the United States in 1968. Of these, 36 governments increased their contribution to UNICEF's Central Account over the amount given in 1967. It is anticipated that a like number will increase again in 1969 over 1968. Especially worthy of attention is the 50% increase by Czechoslovakia. Other sizeable increases will be received in 1969 from Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway,

Switzerland, Japan, to mention only a few. It is expected that contributions from governments may rise by as much as $5 million in 1969.

The United States Government has expressed on a number of occasions a willingness to consider an increase in our contribution to match contributions from other governments at the ratio of 40/60 that has been in effect during recent years. This figure would mean an increase in the U.S. contribution of $2 million over that for the current year. Even though the United States continues to be the largest single contributor to the Children's Fund, it ranks seventh in contributions computed on a per capita basis; the top thirteen contributors in order of per capita figures are:

NOTE.-Population statistics are from April 1969 issue of the Bulletin of Statistics, United Nations.

The computation for the United States was based on the contribution of $12 million in 1968. If the proposed request for a contribution of $15 million is granted, the U.S. per capita figure would rise to 7.4¢; the U.S. would then move into 6th place on the list, ahead of Liechtenstein.

Contributions from Assisted Countries

Last year 12 percent of total government contributions to UNICEF came from countries which are themselves in the process of developing. In other words, every eighth UNICEF dollar that went into UNICEF's Central Account was from countries that needed external assistance in aiding their own children. These contributions, it must be emphasized, are in addition to the internal matching of funds for assisted programs within their own borders. Within an assisted country UNICEF supplies medicines and drugs and equipment not available locally in addition to training stipends for upgrading the education of teachers and health workers.

In 1968, UNICEF assistance went to projects in 117 countries.

UNICEF'S UNIQUE ROLE

Yet arguments about the comparative contributions of other nations really should not determine the size of the United States share in UNICEF's program. The members of the organizations for whom we speak here today believe firmly in doing all that is possible to help children everywhere now, at the time their need is greatest. Children cannot wait to grow up; they go on growing and developing, or they fall ill and are permanently stunted in many cases, unless the means are found to nourish them, to cure them or to prevent their falling prey to debilitating diseases, and to educate them.

Much has been said about UNICEF's catalytic effect in the past yet, after so many years, we have reason to believe that this basic concept is still little understood. UNICEF's goal is building people, healthy, alert, well educated, skilled in their ability to contribute to the progress of their own society. It is a qualitative idea, not readily reduced to quantitative measurement. We, in the United States, recognize the fundamental importance of this concept over the long run. We want our government to continue to exert leadership among the nations of the world in this emphasis on human development. No amount of economic or financial aid will be well directed unless the human beings for whom the institutions are being built are ready and able to benefit from them. UNICEF is unique in fostering both humanitarian and economic development goals.

UNICEF is unique also in that it is the only place within the framework of United Nations agencies concerned solely with the welfare and development of children and adolescents. It considers problems that are the concern of no other agency: the out-of-school child, for example, the training of mothers in the care of their children and, above all, in its commitment to the first five years of childhood. In recent years the plight of the adolescent youth, as families have moved from rural environments into shanty towns or urban ghettoes, has brought new

problems to UNICEF's attention. In other words, the very success of the simpler mass campaigns of assistance for disease control in the past now yield to more complicated and very important new areas of concern for the development of children and youth.

By exerting leadership in promoting the wellbeing of children, the United States demonstrates to the governments and peoples of the world our view of the importance of investing in children, the most valuable resource which any country possesses. Even though the results of such investment are not immediately visible, as would be the case in the building of roads and airports, programs to benefit children and youth must have the highest priority.

The United States has been turning more and more to the lending agencies as the funnels through which to channel multilateral aid. A time comes, however, when no more borrowing is possible; when service charges on the loans become heavier than a sluggish economy is able to bear. UNICEF and UNDP, financed solely by voluntary contributions, are the two agencies which ask for no repayment other than that the program's benefits be continued by the assisted country. Our government should do everything in its power to encourage the developing countries to focus constantly on building, first of all, the means to a healthier and better life for their children.

NEW WAYS TO MEET OLD AND NEW PROBLEMS

This year we do not present the impressive statistics showing the numbers of children helped under the various programs in which UNICEF has had a part. While these programs are going forward, bringing the promise of health and hope to more and more children, we wish to stress instead the unmet needs waiting to receive attention. If funds were presently available to meet all project proposals now on hand, UNICEF would need over $60 million. Even this figure is not an indication of overall needs, however, but represents information at hand on programs ready to go forward when the funds are available. UNICEF's present target budget of $50 million cannot at this time implement about $10 million in such projects.

An imaginative new idea has been growing within the past two years that may supplement the limited funds now available from government and traditional private contributions. The UNICEF Executive Board meeting in Santiago in May gave its approval to specific projects which they would wish to assist if funds were available; these are called "noted" projects. If governments-which have already given to the Central Account an amount at least as great as in previous years-wish to "adopt" such projects and finance them, they may do so. In the same way, through national committees, some volunteer groups in local communities are adopting a project where it is of a scope sufficiently limited to make such underwriting possible. As donor groups choose among "noted" projects, closer direct interest in the recipient country develops and can spread to wider cultural exchanges. Some such projects are now going forward on a country-to-country basis thru UNICEF and there are some few United States communities that are underwriting the costs of some service in a developing country, thus extending UNICEF's limited Central Account resources in a most encouraging way.

EMERGENCY AID

The demands on UNICEF's resources have been greatly strained by the needs of child victims of the Nigeria/Biafra conflict. This tragedy has been so widely publicized around the world that the outpouring of sympathy and funds has shown how generously people will respond when they see illustrations of the need. Special appeals by many private groups are contributing to the alleviation of some of the suffering, as foods and medicines are sent to both sides of the conflict. UNICEF, working in cooperation with the ICRC, is doing its utmost to the extent of its limited resources along with the leading private church and relief groups involved. We must not overlook, however, other emergency situations that have also made their demands: cyclone disaster in Burma, Flood victims in Syria, earthquakes in Iran and Sicily.

The world responds to dramatic disaster. UNICEF's Executive Director, Mr. Henry R. Labouisse, put the problems of the world's children into clear perspective when he commented in his recent annual General Progress Report, "I sometimes wish there could be a greater sense of urgency about the situation of children throughout the world who live in what many people accept as 'normal' conditions. These include malnutrition, persistent parasitic infection, ignorance for