may go out on a very interesting expedition for the State Department. The top men should do these jobs and, where possible, as far as survey work is concerned, it should be done on a self-liquidating basis. If it is important for a private project which the State Department wishes to support in furtherance of the purposes of this act, the industry itself will sometimes do the survey work, and certainly it alone can export the know-how for training employees in the techniques of production. This is not like agriculture in which a Government expert shows the farmer the scientific tricks to increase production.

The CHAIRMAN. Any other questions?

Senator GREEN. No.

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Hickenlooper, have you any questions? Senator HICKENLOOPER. No.

The CHAIRMAN. All right, sir, we gave you 20 minutes. That is what you asked for. Thank you very much.

The next witness is Dr. Rowland M. Cross, Foreign Missions Conference.

STATEMENT OF DR. ROWLAND M. CROSS, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA

Dr. CROSS. Mr. Chairman, I am representing the Foreign Missions Conference, which is an organization that brings together the mission boards for foreign missions of 54 denominations in this country and Canada.

The CHAIRMAN. Protestants and Catholics both?

Dr. CROSS. Just Protestants.

The CHAIRMAN. You have got a pretty long statement here, Doctor. I am wondering if you wouldn't let us print that and then have you summarize it.

Dr. CROSS. I am not going to read it all, but I would like to read the first two pages, which are an abstract of it. I think I can do that in 5 minutes.

The CHAIRMAN. Very well.

Dr. CROSS. The Foreign Missions Conference presents for the consideration of the committee the attached statement, the Church and the Point 4 program, prepared by the executive secretary of its affiliated agency, Agricultural Missions, Inc.

(The document above referred to, submitted by Dr. Cross, is as follows:)

THE CHURCH AND THE POINT 4 PROGRAM

The underdeveloped areas in Asia, Africa, and Latin America represent about two-thirds of the world population with an estimated per capita income valued at $41 and with purchases of 70 cents per person per annum (1936-40) from the United States. The Christian missionary outreach of the church has been centered in these same areas. With the exception of Japan before the war, their cultures and civilizations were predominantly agrarian. And it is predominantly among the rural people of these countries that the church has been established. These village congregations number approximately 120,000 with an estimated membership of 12,000,000 and an estimated 100,000 pastors, evangelists, and Bible women. There are probably 50,000 village school teachers responsible for Christian schools in these areas. To the above Christian workers must be added several times their number in volunteer lay men and women who participate in local Christian activities. These rural congregations are the growing points of the world Christian movement witnessing to a Christian faith and to a Christian way of life.

The President's inaugural address, the draft of the bill submitted to Congress for legislative action on the point 4 program, and the President's message accompanying the legislative draft all emphasize strengthening the economic foundations of the underdeveloped countries and raising standards of living in them. Certainly the Christian membership in the church can unreservedly accept the President's statement that "only by helping the least fortunate of its members to help themselves can the human family achieve the decent, satisfying life that is the right of all people." Not all would agree with his following statement that "democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoples of the world into triumphant action, not only against their human oppressors but also against their ancient enemies-hunger, misery, and despair." Democracy is a result, not a cause, and the major cause has its roots in Christian teaching and living.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FROM MISSIONS

The church through its missionary outreach has for a long time been engaged in activities that are clearly comprehended in the objectives of the point 4 program. These experiences have provided a unique understanding of the problem of helping people that is of great significance. Certain definite principles have emerged. Any such program must be comprehensive, dealing with a variety of needs. The projects must be correlated into a unified program aimed to redeem the whole man and minister to the entire life of the community. The starting point is the felt needs of the people themselves. Self-help with the friendly advice of specialists is an indispensable factor if improvement is to be a continuing process. The programs should be planned so as to work with the chief social units in the culture of the people to be reached; this will mean most often a program that is family-centered with the needs of the women rated equal to those of the men. Demonstration is more effective than exhortation. Whatever is attempted should be planned and evaluated with the intent of reproduction elsewhere.

FROM WASHINGTON TO ASIATIC VILLAGES

The point 4 program is primarily concerned, or should be, with helping people where they are. It's a long way from Washington to the villages of Asia, even via Lake Success. (Incidentally, the church has built the road and is already there, although in no great strength but with understanding, experience, and great potential power.) Its operation is contingent on the cooperation of the governments concerned, all of whom have neglected their village people except in their statements of good intentions. This negligence may not be intentional in many cases, but the facts of village life are not thereby changed. The most difficult hurdle will be to get help to the people who really need it fast enough and in sufficient amount to be of significance. Just how many cents on the dollar will ever reach-in needed services-the people it was intended to help?

MATERIAL GOODS PLUS A FAITH WHICH GIVES MEANING TO LIFE

The point 4 program stresses economic improvement, the development of material means to secure nonmaterial ends. It is as far as any government can go, but it doesn't reach to the end of the road. The people of these so-called underdeveloped lands need not only something more to live with but something better to live by. By and large they are religious people and the gods in whom they have put their trust still provide the basis of the faith by which they meet life's problems. We propose as a democratic government to help provide better agriculture, better health, better homes, better education, the elimination of poverty, disease, and illiteracy by the application of our scientific knowledge to their immediate problems of field and shop, home and community. We propose to export our technical know-how and our dollars to pay for it. Is that the best America can do for these people who will be in need of a new faith to live by as the applications of modern science overtake the powers of the ancient gods and undercut the faith that still gives meaning to life and makes it worth struggling for?

The program developed by Dr. and Mrs. Hugh W. Hubbard, Congregational Christian missionaries of the American board, aided the first year by two Chinese colleagues, provides an illustration of aid to impoverished people that was designed to redeem the whole man and minister to the entire life of a community. By their examples and friendly precepts the villages improved their agricul

ture, dug wells, planted trees, and organized a cooperative society. Vaccination campaigns against smallpox were organized, classes for midwives were held, food demonstrations and better baby exhibits were put on. Provision was made for simple medical kits. Literacy classes were held. Women gathered regularly in neighbors' homes for meetings and organized special help in times of illness, death, difficulty, or need. The young people organized a fellowship for self-improvement, for service to the village. A new program of village recreation developed which included drama with local talent. A village reconstruction association was begun with committees on education, health, livelihood, recreation, and religion. Marriage and burial customs were reformed. Village government was greatly improved. An increased spirit of service, sacrifice, and cooperation for the common good spread through the community. There was no preaching. There was in the whole village to begin with only the Christian home of the Hubbards. At the end of 2 years 13 family groups, comprising 49 people, took the first steps toward church membership. The whole life of the community had been touched-there was more to live with and the beginnings of a new faith to live by. No program looking simply to the provision of more physical goods could have done all this for the people. That is why the point 4 program must be more than material aid.

POVERTY BY AMERICAN STANDARDS WILL REMAIN

In trying to understand the problems which the point 4 program is designed to meet, we should realize at the beginning that the vast majority of the people involved now live on the land and will continue to be relatively poor, even if the point 4 program is a great success. For any representative of a government to admit this would, of course, be political suicide. This does not mean that we ought not to do everything that possibly can be done to increase productive resources and material goods. It does underscore the necessity of recognizing the limitations of material things and that richness of living does not wholly consist in the abundance of material wealth.

I have seen a whole Indian village transformed in terms of hope, self-respect, pride of accomplishment in greatly increasing their material resources, in repairing their mud and wattle houses, in becoming literate, in learning new skills, in digging their own wells and securing a water supply, in each family's having its own bore-hole latrine, all children of age in school, and yet only one family owned any land, nor was land ownership in the village ever likely to increase. It was a happy, neighborly community of Christian families. Even with increased income from poultry and eggs, honey and homemade salable wares, it was pitifully poor on any material basis of living standards. The self-help program of the YMCA rural reconstruction center had made the difference. The lives of the Indian people had been enriched both by having more to live with and more to live by.

LONG-TERM COMMITMENT NECESSARY

The point 4 program which can really be effective will not be completed in 2 or 3 years. Bringing help to the mass of the people in the underdeveloped countries is a huge and complicated problem. It is not simply better seeds or more quinine. It involves land use, engineering, reforestation, adequate water supplies, transportation, marketing, credit, land tenure, taxation, medical services and sanitation community cooperation, housing, diet, schools, experimentation stations, industrial developments, public administration, finance, and, above all, the cooperation and active participation of the people themselves. Consider the 50 to 60 million village families in India or the 60 to 70 million village families in China. In these kinds of families are centered the great human problems of the underdeveloped countries. To large sections of these people communism is making its bid. These people are the ones who have "a newly awakened spirit," to use the President's own words, and who want something better. They cannot be aided on a mass basis unless the tedious, gigantic fight against illiteracy is undertaken as a long-term proposition, as the President indicated in his message to Congress. No greater contribution has been made in this field than by an American board missionary, Dr. Frank C. Laubach, who has visited and worked with the governments and missionaries in 61 countries and 175 languages. He has helped in the writing of 225 primary reading books for adults just learning to read. Unless our Government and the American people are willing to undertake such long-term programs and provide continuing funds, it would be better to drop the whole matter before it is begun. To raise 64973-50-7

high hopes for a year or two, then to stop appropriations, will cause more ill will than if the point 4 program had not been started. From the very first, such a program should be recognized as a definite part of a bipartisan foreign policy.

POLICY BY OBJECTIVE STANDARDS

How objective can the United States Government be in the administration of such a program? It is already, and rightly, committed to the United Nations and its agencies, such as Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and the Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), all of which have submitted scores of projects to be financed from hoped-for point 4 funds. At a meeting of the United Nations Social and Economic Council in Geneva in July, the American proposal that a small group of experts be appointed immediately to go over the many projects submitted by the UN agencies and reduce them to a workable program was lost. The unfavorable vote came from the countries hoping to benefit from the point 4 program. Nor have these same countries submitted to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, according to a recent report, sound projects justifying the necessary financial aid which is already available.

The $45,000,000 budget requested by the President was for the inauguration of a "venture that extends far into the future." No American citizen with a Christian concern for the world's underprivileged is going to worry too much about what such a program will cost, if he has the assurance that the money is being spent wisely and is accomplishing its intended purpose. We gain no respect from underprivileged countries in the long run by appropriating funds under a point 4 program to finance projects that produce a lot of jobs for some groups and have little effect in helping the people we want to aid. It is perfectly easy to ruin a good idea by going at it the wrong way. Government officials have a moral obligation to seek to use funds in a way that is not simply the expression of pressures upon them. A profound religious faith has always been a resource for men who wish to achieve a program from principle, not compulsion.

DISTRIBUTE THE JOB

More and more we seem to have government by the government for the people rather than government by the people. The reservoir of good will toward the United States discovered by the late Wendell Willkie was not created by our Government alone. It was predominantly the result of missionary and business enterprises, particularly the former, although our Government has also contributed to it. That reservoir of good will is not as full as it was a decade ago, in spite of our contributions to a military victory and the huge relief and reconstruction programs which the United States has largely financed since the war. Nor can government and its appropriation of large sums of money alone restore the former level of good will and do the job which needs to be done. That job needs to be as widely distributed as possible among the American people. It must have the good will and participation of hundreds of lay men and women from our churches. In a very definite sense, government is embarking on a vast missionary enterprise which calls for high strategy. It can easily be ruined by short-sighted political tactics or by ad hoc decisions to quiet the propaganda and demands of vested interests. Material aid should be determined by and limited to a developing program. The successful administration of the point 4 program calls for a degree of objectivity and humility born of a deep religion not always associated with governmental programs.

MAKE WIDE USE OF AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS

Provision should be made for the widest possible use of American educational institutions, business organizations, scientific groups, and appropriate private agencies, as well as individuals. There is already much successful experience to build upon. When all is said and done, the biggest bottleneck in carrying out the purposes of the point 4 program is trained leaders in the countries concerned. It does not matter how many millions of dollars are appropriated, there is no reason to expect results unless there are people in these countries trained to do the job which needs to be done. This is not to say that in some of the countries concerned there are not great educational and training institutions. There are, but for the most part their education is weak at the point of training men and women for the practical jobs that will be involved both on national and local levels.

I am not recommending that Government supply every American college or univerisity with funds to develop foreign projects. There are, however, many colleges of agriculture with their combined instructional, research, and extension staffs, many engineering colleges, schools of medicine and social work which could be related to similar institutions in the countries concerned, say over a 10-year period, and accomplish work of great importance. I am sure also that there is managerial and technical competence available in certain manufacturing industries in the United States which could be used to great advantage in developing industrial enterprises in underdeveloped countries and that provision could be made for supplying these services in a thoroughly objective manner. An illustration of the contributions that could be made by institutions is the cooperative plant improvement project developed over a 6-year period between the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University and its Department of Plant Breeding and the College of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Nanking in China. The salaries of the Cornell professors were met by the International Education Board. Three professors in the department at Cornell each made two trips of a year's duration. One of the largest crop improvement projects in Asia was put in operation. Thirty-six improved strains of eight leading crops were developed. Thousands of tons of improved seed were distributed to the farmers and are now grown in wide areas. Crop-breeding methods in China were standardized. Some training was provided for prac tically all those engaged in plant-breeding work in China. More than 20 Chinese students later went to Cornell for advanced training in this field. Most of the plant-breeding personnel in China have been trained at the University of Nanking. Cornell feels that it was a fair exchange and that benefits accrued to them as well as to China. Neither wars nor revolutions have been able to destroy the results. The Chinese farmers each year in increasing numbers continue to benefit.

By some such plan as that above hundreds of Americans could be used in a comprehensive and continuing program without uprooting them from their present positions. Besides making professional contributions, they would be given an interest in world-wide affairs going beyond present academic considerations. One of the major results in using some of our institutions in this way would be that thousands of foreign students coming to the United States would secure much more pertinent training for the jobs that need to be done than is now true.

AMERICAN CHURCHES AND THE POINT 4 PROGRAM

As Christians we are involved in at least two ways in point 4. First, if the program materializes we want to know that our tax money which supports it is being used effectively to help the people who really need help. Second, we have a job of our own to do. The younger churches, with which our American churches are closely bound, must relate their programs more explicitly to the everyday life and needs of the people and the community. We talk a great deal about relating Christianity to all of life. It is high time for much more action. Such successful Christian projects as described here are far too few. Yet it is clear that the know-how is available in the experience of many missionaries and national Christians-indeed, some of them are the world's best in their fields of work. We know as a fact that those churches are growing fastest and strongest which serve the needs of the community. We cannot accept Government funds for such a church program. The church in these underdeveloped coluntries is being challenged as never before to demonstrate that its God can redeem community as well as personal life. That challenge comes straight back to the membership of the churches in the United States-nowhere else. Either we meet it or we pass it by.

JOHN H. REISNER,

Executive Secretary, Agricultural Missions, Inc.

Dr. CROSS. Its representative desires to make the following points, and this is Mr. Reisner, who is an expert on rural reconstruction:

CHRISTIANITY AND POINT 4

1. The humanitarian objectives sought by point 4 have long been a concern of Christian missions which have included medical work and