3.5.4 Special Spaces and Activities. 3.5.4.1 Multi-Function Rooms.

3.5.4.1.1 For rooms serving multifunctions, such as hotel banquet/meeting rooms and office conference/presentation rooms, an adjustment factor of 1.5 times the base UPD may be used if a supplementary lighting system is actually installed to serve the secondary function of the room and the design meets the following conditions:

(a) The installed power for the supplementary system shall not be greater than 33% of the adjusted LPB calculated for that room; and

(b) Independent controls shall be installed for the supplementary lighting system.

3.5.4.2 Simultaneous Activities.

3.5.4.2.1 In rooms containing multiple simultaneous activities, such as a large general office having separate accounting and drafting areas within the same room, the LPB for the rooms shall be the weighted average of the activities in proportion to the areas being served.

3.5.4.3 Indoor Sports.

3.5.4.3.1 The floor area of indoor sports activities areas shall be considered as the area within the playing boundaries of the sport, plus the floor area 10 ft beyond the playing boundaries, not to exceed the total floor area of the indoor room less the spectator seating area.

3.5.5 Calculation of Interior Lighting Power Allowance. The system performance Interior Lighting Power Allowance (ILPA) shall be calculated in accordance with Equation 3.5-3. The ILPA shall include a 0.20 W/ft2 allowance for unlisted spaces.

ILPA=(LPB1×LS1+LPB2×LS2

LPB XLS)+0.2 W/ft2x(Unlisted Space)
Equation 3.5-3

LPCC-Lighting Power Controls Credit Watts

CLP=Connected Lighting Power for the

luminaires controlled by the automatic control device, Watts PAF-Power Adjustment Factor, from Table 3.5-2

The adjusted lighting power (ALP) is then equal to CLP minus the LPCC.

3.5.6.2 The Lighting Power Controls Credit is limited to the specific luminaires controlled by the automatic control device.

3.5.6.2.1 Only one adjustment factor may be used for each building space or luminaire, and 50% or more of the cotrolled luminaire shall be within the applicable space to qualify for the power adjustment factor.

3.5.6.2.2 Controls shall be installed in series with the lights and in series with all manual switching devices in order to qualify for an adjustment fac tor.

3.5.6.2.3 When sufficient daylight is available, daylight sensing controls shall be capable of reducing electrical power consumption for lighting, continuously or in steps, to 50% or less of maximum power consumption.

3.5.6.2.4 Daylight sensing controls shall control all luminaires to which the power adjustment factor is applied and that direct a minimum of 50% of their light output into the daylight

4.2 Principles of Design

4.2.1 Energy recovery should be used when coincident thermal and refrigeraion loads of similar magnitude are exDected.

4.2.2 Consideration shall be given to he use of waste heat, energy recovery or heat tape systems to conserve energy.

4.3 Minimum Requirements 4.3.1 Transportation Systems.

4.3.1.1 Automatic elevator and/or conveyor systems shall incorporate schedule controls and efficient motor controls, such as solid state control devices.

4.3.2 Freeze Protection System. 4.3.2.1 Boilers or water heaters used for purposes such as freeze protection in fire protection storage vessels and defrosting sidewalks and driveways

shall meet the efficiency requirements of sections 8.3 or 9.3 when they operate in excess of 750 hours per year.

4.3.3 Retail Food and Food Service Refrigeration.

4.3.3.1 Refrigeration systems containing multiple compressors shall have compressors sized to optimally match capacity with loads.

4.3.3.2 Variable speed shall be considered.

§ 435.105 Building Envelope.

5.1 General

5.1.1 This section contains requirements for the energy conscious design of building envelopes. It sets principles of good envelope design, and provides a set of minimum requirements and two alternative paths-precompliance scriptive and system performance.

5.1.2 Compliance. A building shall be considered in Compliance with this section if the following conditions are met:

5.1.2.1 The minimum requirements of Section 5.3 are met;

5.1.2.2 The design of the building envelope complies with either the prescriptive criteria of section 5.4 or the system performance criteria of section 5.5. For the design of buildings with high internal heat gains, unusual operating schedules, or that incorporate innovative design strategies, consideration shall be given to using the compliance paths set forth in sections 11.0 or 12.0.

5.1.3 The prescriptive compliance alternative of section 5.4 provides requirements for buildings designed to take advantage of perimeter daylighting, thermal mass, high performance glazings, and fenestration shading. The designer is allowed to make trade-offs between thermal mass, wall insulation, amount of fenestration, shading coefficients, shading projections, thermal transmittance of the glazing, daylighting for several different climate locations.

5.1.4 The systems performance compliance alternative of section 3.5 provides calculation procedures that give credit for the benefits of more complex energy conserving envelope designs.

5.1.5 Information on thermal properties, performance of building envelope sections and components, and heat transfer shall be obtained from the ASHRAE Handbook, 1985 Fundamentals Volume. When information is not available from this source, the data shall be obtained from laboratory or field test measurements conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard C-177-85, "Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate,” ASTM Standard C-518–85, "Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter," ASTM Standard C-236-80, "Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guarded Hot Box," and ASTM Standard C-976-82, "Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies By Means of a Calibrated Hot Box."

5.1.6 Daylighting Credit. In this section, daylighting credit for reduced energy use resulting from the use of automatic lighting control devices in conjunction with fenestration, is given only for space heating and cooling loads. Credit for the reduced use of electric lighting energy is calculated in section 3.5.6. If daylighting credit for reduced electric lighting energy use is desired to be applied to other building systems, such as more fenestration area, section 11.0 or 12.0 should be used. 5.1.7 The requirements of this section are not intended to replace building loads calculation procedures.

5.2 Principles of Design

5.2.1 Building Loads

5.2.1.1 Building loads result from sources external and internal to the building. (1) External loads, from outdoor temperature, humidity, wind, and insolation, fluctuate daily and seasonally. (2) Internal loads from the activities conducted within the building, including heating and moisture produced by the occupants, lights, and process equipment (e.g., appliances, computers) vary with internal activities. Improving energy efficiency in a building depends on achieving a balance between and among the internal and external loads. The building design should, therefore, offset gains and losses of

heat, light, and moisture between the interior and exterior of the building, among interior spaces, and over-time, (daily, seasonally, and annually).

5.2.1.2 This balance of loads can be most efficiently achieved if the building envelope is viewed as, and designed to be, a controlled membrane rather than an immutable barrier. The typical design of a modern building has considered the building envelope to be a fixed barrier that restricts heat and air flow to the maximum extent possible. This will not usually yield the most energy efficient building.

5.2.1.3 The desired goal of the energy design of the building envelope shall be to produce a controlled membrane that allows or prevents heat, light, and moisture flow to achieve a balance between internal and external loads. Thus the envelope becomes an integral part of the building's environmental conditioning systems.

5.2.1.4 To achieve control of the building envelope as a membrane, and to simultaneously achieve occupant comfort in the perimeter zones, many of the traditional building skin components must be used (insulation, mass, caulking and weather stripping). However, other concepts shall also be considered to temper supply air or utilize waste heat in exhaust air to temper envelope conditions, such as operable solar shading devices, and the integration of glazing systems with the HVAC distribution system.

5.2.1.5 Control of External Loads

5.2.1.5.1 Control of Conduction

(a) Controlled conductivity may be considered through the careful use of insulation, sensible (mass) or phasechange storage and movable insulation at levels which minimizes net heating and cooling loads on a time integrated (annual) basis.

(b) Unintentional or uncontrolled thermal bridges shall be minimized and considered in energy related calcula tions since they can radically alter the conductivity of a building envelope. Examples include wall studs, balconies. ledges, and extensions of building slabs.

5.2.1.5.2 Control of Infiltration (Heat Loss or Gain)

(a) Infiltration shall be minimized nd all efforts to achieve a zero level hall be taken. This will minimize fan nergy consumption in pressurized uildings during occupied periods and eat loss (or unwanted heat gain in arm climates) during unoccupied peods. Infiltration reduction shall be ccomplished through design details hat enhance the fit and integrity of uilding envelope joints in a way that ay be readily achieved during buildg construction. This includes infilation control by caulking, weather ripping, vestibule doors and/or reolving doors with construction meetg or exceeding accepted specifica

ons.

(b) The quantity of mechanical venlation must vary with the need, with commended values at any given time qual to that required by ASHRAE tandard 62-1981. Higher levels of venClation (e.g., economizers) shall be onsidered to substitute for mechanial cooling.

(c) Operable windows may be considred to allow for occupant controlled entilation. When using operable winows, the design of the building's mehanical system must be carefully exeated to minimize unnecessary HVAC nergy consumption, and building opertors must be cautioned about the imroper use of the operable windows.

(d) Non-mechanical ventilation can e enhanced in the shape of the buildig as well as the physical elements of he building envelope, such as cupolas. (e) For hotels and high rise dwelling nits and other systems having exaust totalling 3000 cfm or more, with Annual operation in excess of 3000 Hours and within 200 linear ft of simulSaneous make-up air equipment, they hall incorporate energy recovery or Areatment to ASHRAE 62-1981 quality sevels and reuse exhaust air when alowed by code.

5.2.1.5.3 Control of Radiated Heat
Losses and Gains

(a) Capability for occupant radiant comfort shall be maintained regardless of whether the building envelope is designed to be a static or dynamic mem

brane. Opaque surfaces shall be designed so that the average inside surface temperatures will remain within 5 °F of room temperature in the coldest anticipated weather (i.e., winter design conditions), and the coldest inside surface will remain within 25 °F of the room temperature.

(b) In a building with time-varying internal heat generation, thermal mass may be considered for controlling radiant comfort. In the perimeter zone, thermal mass is more effective when it is positioned internal to the envelope insulation.

(c) The effective control of solar radiation is critical to the design of energy-efficient buildings due to the high level of internal heat production already present in most commercial building types. In some climates, the lighting energy consumption savings due to daylighting techniques can be greater than the heating and cooling energy penalties from additional glazed surface area, provided that the building envelope is properly designed for daylighting and lighting controls are installed and used. In other climates they may not. Daylighting designs are most effective if direct solar beam radiation is not allowed to cause glare in building spaces.

(d) The transparent portions of the building envelope shall be designed to prevent solar radiant gain above that necessary for effective daylighting and solar heating. On south-facing facades, the use of low shading coefficients is generally not as effective as external physical shading devices in achieving this balance. Light shelves offer a very effective means of admitting daylight while shading the view glazing and simultaneously allowing occupants to manipulate interior shading devices (draperies, blinds) without eliminating day light.

(e) The solar spectrum contains a range of wavelengths including visible and infrared (heat). Designers shall consider which portion of the spectrum to admit into the building. For example, low emissivity, high-visible-transmittance glazings may be considered for the effective control of radiant heat gains and losses. For shading control designers may consider the careful use of vegetation that can block excess