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3. American Hospital Association. Hospital Statistics, 1984 Edition. Chicago: AHA, 1984, p. 5.

4. Op. cit., p. 1.

5. American Hospital Association. "1984 hospital cost and utilization trends." Economic Trends, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring

1985), p. 11.

6. American Hospital Association. Hospital Statistics, 1984 ed., p. 5.

7. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982-83 (103rd Ed.). Washington, DC, December 1982, p. 109.

8. Freeland, M. and C. Schendler. "Health spending in the 1980's: Integration of clinical practice patterns with management." Health Care Financing Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Spring 1984), p. 35.

9. Freeland, M. and C. Schendler. "National health expenditure growth in the 1980's: An aging population, new technologies, and increasing competition." Health Care Financing Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (March 1983), p. 57.

10. Op. cit., p. 35.

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11. Fisher, C. "Differences by age groups in health care spending." Health Care Financing Review, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Spring 1980), pp. 65 and 81.

12. Data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics, Apr. 29, 1985.

13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Eight Years Experience with a Second Opinion Elective Surgery Program. Washington, DC, March 1981, p. 1.

14. Data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics, Apr. 29, 1985.

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX II

15. Op. cit., pp. 4-5.

16. Haug, J. and R. Seeger. 1984-85. Chicago, IL: pp. 15-16.

Socio-Economic Factbook for Surgery American College of Surgeons, 1984,

17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Eight Years Experience with a Second Opinion Elective Surgery Program, P. 4.

18. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982-83 (103rd Ed.), p. 111.

19. Data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics, May 3, 1985.

20. American Medical Association. "Health Care for An Aged Population," Report by the Board of Trustees, pp. 4-5.

21. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982-83 (103rd Ed.), p. 117.

22. Ibid., p. 117.

23. Makuc, D. "Changes in the use of preventive health services," in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health United States 1981. Washington, DC, December 1981, pp. 42-44.

24. Gibson, R. et al.

"National health expenditures, 1982." Health Care Financing Review, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Fall 1983), pp. 21-22 and 28.

25. Ibid., p. 8.

26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HHS News. July 31, 1985, p. 3.

27. Gibson, R. et al.

"

"National health expenditures, 1983. Health Care Financing Review, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Winter 1984), P. 16.

28. Op. cit., p. 3.

29. Gibson, R. et al. "National health expenditures, 1983,"

P. 17.

30. Op. cit., Table 3.

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX II

31. Ibid., Table 3.

32. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982-83 (103rd Ed.), p. 6 and Health Insurance Association of America. Source Book of Health Insurance Data: 1982-1983, Washington, DC: HIAA, p. 13.

33. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982-83 (103rd Ed.), p. 106.

34. U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Tax Subsidies for Medical Care: Current Policies and Possible Alternatives. Washington, DC, January 1980, p. xi.

35. Ibid., pp. 10-13.

36. Ibid., p. 13.

37. Mulstein, S. "The uninsured and the financing of uncompensated care: Scope, costs, and policy options." Inquiry, Vol. XXI (Fall 1984), pp. 216-217.

Health Affairs,

38. Wilensky, G. "Solving uncompensated hospital care:
targeting the indigent and uninsured."
Vol. 3, No. 4 (Winter 1984), p. 54.

39. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicare and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Securing Access_to_Health Care, Vol. I, Washington, DC, March 1983, pp. 115-182.

40. Ibid., pp. 115-182.

41. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Updated Report on Access to Health Care for the American People, No. 1, 1983, pp. 4 and 7-8.

42. Holahan, J. and B. Stuart.

Controlling Medicaid Utilization

Patterns. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 1977,
P. 35.

43. Ibid., p. 38.

44. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Securing Access to Health Care, p. 185.

45. Holahan, J. and B. Stuart.

Patterns, p. 34.

Controlling Medicaid Utilization

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX II

46. Ibid., pp. 34-44.

47. SysteMetrics, Inc. "The valid and reliable measurement nonacute hospital utilization in a nationally representative sample." (Executive Summary) Submitted to the Health Care Financing Administration, Baltimore, MD, Feb. 25, 1984, P. I-27.

48. Enthoven, A. Health Plan: The Only Practical Solution to the Soaring Cost of Medical Care. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1980, p. 53.

49. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Securing Access to Care, p. 186.

50. U.S. General Accounting Office. Need to Eliminate Payments of Unnecessary Hospital Ancillary Services. Washington, DC, Sept. 30, 1983, pp. 7-8.

51. Op. cit., pp. 186-187.

HRD-83-74,

52. Lundberg, G. "The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening." Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 235, No. 24 (June 28, 1985), pp. 3576-3581.

53. Op. cit., pp. 187-188.

54. Wennberg, J. "Dealing with medical practice variations: A proposal for action." Health Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer 1984), p. 7.

55. SysteMetrics, Inc. "The valid and reliable measurement of nonacute hospital utilization in a nationally representative sample," p. 1-26.

56. Wagner, D. et al. "Improving the productivity of intensive care: A national sample." Draft paper presented at the Conference on Productivity in Health, Aug. 18-19, 1983, P. 26.

57. U.S. Office of Technology Assessment. Health Technology Variations in Hospital Length-of-Stay: Washington, DC,

Case Study 24:

Their Relationship to Health Outcomes.

August 1983, pp. 3 and 5.

58. Ibid., p. 4.

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX II

59. Wennberg, J. and A. Gittelsohn.

"Variations in medical care among small areas." Scientific American, Vol. 246, No. 4 (April 1982), p. 121.

60. Wennberg, J. "Dealing with medical practice variations," pp. 9-10.

61. Ibid., p. 30.

62. Holahan, J. and B. Stuart.

Patterns, p. 36.

Controlling Medicaid Utilization

63. U.S. General Accounting Office. Physician Cost-Containment Training Can Reduce Medical Costs. HRD-82-36, Washington, DC, Feb. 4, 1982, pp. 1-2.

64. Ibid., p. 2.

65. Ibid., pp. ii and iv.

66. Ibid., pp. iii-iv.

"

67. Friedman, E. "Digital doctors: Physicians are warming up to computers, with surprising resuts. Hospitals, May 1, 1983, p. 99.

68. Millard, C. "Presidents' corner: The public is responsible for high health care costs." Rhode Island Medical Journal, Vol. 65 (May 1982), p. 181.

69. Research Triangle Institute.

Economic Costs to Society of

Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness: 1980. June
1984, p. 25.

70. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Report to the President and Congress on Health Hazards Associated With Alcohol and Methods to Inform the General Public of These Hazards. Washington, DC, November 1980, pp. IV and VI.

71. Nashold, R. and E. Naor. "Alcohol-related death in

Wisconsin: The impact of alcohol on mortality." American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 71, No. 11 (November 1981), p. 1238.

72. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Fifth Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health. Washington, DC, December 1983, p. 93.

73. Ibid., pp. 86-87.

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