ings in the wall which face each other, and at least 19 ft. 8 in., where there are such openings.

Wooden tenements are forbidden. Stairways must be enclosed in massive walls. Fire walls must be placed at least every 131 ft. Light shafts must be fireproof of an area of at least 64.5 ft. and a least dimension of not less than 4.9 ft.

Rooms. Habitable rooms must be at least 8.2 ft. in height and the floor not more than 3.2 ft. below the level of the ground. Attic rooms must be enclosed in massive walls. All buildings erected for permanent occupancy by human beings must be provided with at fireproof passage leading to two ordinary stairways or to one fireproof stairway.

These regulations are enforced by the board of building police.

Bremen

Bremen's building regulations were adopted October, 1906, and amended in July and April of 1908.

Height of Buildings. The height of buildings is limited to 19 metres (60.6 ft.). No building may exceed in height the width of the street, unless buildings are erected on only one side of the street, then buildings may be 2 metres higher than the width of the street. Buildings fronting on two streets may use the widest street in calculating the height. When a building is built back of the building line its height may be equal to the width of the street plus the distance back of the building line.

Courts, Enclosures, Etc. When a building is built back from a court, the part built out must not extend

over more than one-third of the original court. For corner houses with front courts 3 metres (10 ft. wide), the courts on the long side can not be wider than onethird the length of the house nor deeper than onefourth of the front court. The depth of front courts shall, as a rule, be at lesat one-fifth the width of the street in so far as not to bring the building line more than 6 metres behind the street line. If a greater depth than 6 metres is desired permission must be granted by the senate or council.

Rooms must have a clear height of 2.75 metres (9.1 ft.). Cellar rooms may be 2.5 metres (8.15 ft.). The window surface of sleeping and living rooms must equal one-tenth of the floor area. This may be raised to one-sixth or, in the case of windows in the roof, be lowered to one-twelfth. This does not apply to schools or hospitals.

The building regulations are enforced by the board of building police.

Toronto, Ont.

Toronto has no regular tenement house law but there are certain provisions in the building regulations which relate to tenement and apartment houses. The building regulations are contained in "A By-law (No. 4861) for Regulating the Erection and to Provide for the Safety of Buildings" passed by the Council March 11, 1907. By this by-law an apartment or tenement house is defined as a building or any portion of which is or is intended to be occupied as a dwelling by three or more families living independently and doing their cooking on the premises.

Height of Tenements. All buildings intended to be used as apartment or tenement houses, exceeding fiftyfive feet in height must be of the first class-fireproof construction throughout. No tenement can exceed 100 ft. in height. No wooden or frame building intended for human habitation can be erected to exceed thirtyfive feet in height. No tenement or other dwelling house can be erected on a street less than thirty feet wide.

Open Spaces. Every tenement or dwelling house must be so located and erected on the respective premises as to provide at least 10 % of the area of the lot free from all construction from ground to sky, but in no event shall such area be less than 300 sq. ft. Angular corner lots, abutting lots that extend from street to street may be excluded from the above restrictions.

Height of Rooms. Every room in an apartment or tenement house must not be less than 8 ft. in height in the clear except that in the attic it may be less than 8 ft. for 11⁄2 the area of the room.

Windows. Every such room must have one or more windows, at least 10 % as great in area as the floor area of the room, opening into the external air, or into a room having one or more windows opening into the external air, with an area at least 1-10 as great as the combined floor area of the two rooms. The top of at least one window in such room or rooms must not be less than seven feet from the floor and the upper sash made movable.

Overcrowding. Every sleeping room must contain at least 400 cu. ft. for every person over twelve and 200 cu. ft. for every person under twelve years of age.

The Medical Health Officer or any Sanitary inspector may enter any tenement or lodging house at any time of day or night, where there is reason to believe there is ovrcrowding.

Fire Escapes. All apartment or tenement houses over two stories in height must be provided with proper iron or steel fire escape balconies and stairs with approved stand pipes and hose on each floor. Exits to the fire escapes must be from halls and corridors and not through private rooms. All fire escapes must be kept in good repair and free from obstructions of all kinds.

All buildings over two stories must have scuttles or bulkheads not less in size than 20x30 inches leading to the roof with proper stairs or ladders.

Stairs. In all apartment or tenement houses, the halls, stairs, passageways and exits must be arranged to facilitate egress in case of fire or accident, and all such buildings having 25 rooms or more, above the first floor, must have at least two independent stairways at least 3 ft. 6 in. wide and situated at opposite ends or sides of the building, extending to the ground floor. The doors at the foot of the stairs must open outward and never be fastened except by a bolt readily drawn from the inside.

In non-fireproof tenement houses over three stories. in height the dividing wall or partitions between apartments, also elevator shafts must be made entirely of incombustible material, or of three inch plank, furred with metal strips and plastered on metal lath. Entrance and stair halls must also be of solid masonry,

and there must be no movable transoms opening to other parts of the building.

Enforcement. The City Architect and Superintendent of Buildings is the Inspector of Buildings whose duty it is to see that the provisions of the Building Bylaw are carried out. A permit must be obtained before the erection or alteration of any structure is commenced, and drawings and specifications of the proposed building submitted. The plans are examined, the permit issued and the building inspected by the City Architect and Inspector of Buildings.