ward of 16,200 sq. ft. with a minimum dimension of 65 ft. and an average of 90 ft. and if the surrounding buildings are not over 4 stories high, or where the open space contains 12,600 sq. ft. with a minimum dimension of 65 ft. and the buildings are not over three stories high. (Sec. 34-37)

Open Spaces. Provision for open spaces is secured by requiring that in front of at least one-half of every window in sleeping apartments there must be an open space equal to at least three-fourths of the height of the wall in which the window is placed from the floor of the apartment to the roof of the building, measuring such space in a straight line perpendicular to the plane of the window.

Height of Tenements. No tenement or building used as a dwelling-house shall be erected the front walls of which shall exceed in height the distance between the building lines of the street.

Overcrowding.

Every apartment of one room must contain 1,000 cu. ft.

Every apartment of two rooms must contain 1,600 cu. ft.

Every apartment of three rooms must contain 2,400 cu. ft.

Every sleeping room shall contain at least 400 cu. ft. for every person over ten years of age and 200 cu. ft. for every person under ten years of age occupying the

same.

To enforce these regulations, Glasgow employs what is known as the "ticketed tenement" system. Wherever the cubic contents of tenements of not more than

three rooms does not exceed 2,000 feet, the inspector is required to affix to the door a ticket stating the number of occupants who may occupy the rooms as sleeping apartments. The sanitary inspectors may enter any such apartment at any time of day or night to see if the provisions are being violated, and the system apparently works without friction.

Not more than sixteen separate apartments shall be contained in any tenement with common entrance by an inside stairway, nor more than twenty-four where there is an outside staircase, nor more than four separate apartments on any floor.

Height of Rooms. Every room on the basement or street floors of a tenement must be at least 9 ft. 6 in. in height, and all others except attic rooms, 9 ft. Attic rooms must be 8.ft. high throughout 1⁄2 their area. Cellar rooms must be at least one-half above the level of the street.

Window Area.

Every habitable room must have at least one window, and the total glass area of the windows must be at least 1/10 of the floor area of the room. The top of at least one window must be not less than 7 ft. 6 in. above the floor and one-half made

to open.

All rooms must be ventilated to the satisfaction of the medical officer.

Water-closets. Every water-closet must be so placed that one of its sides shall be an external wall and shall have a window in such wall containing at least six superficial feet one-half of the window being made to open.

Stairs. Every common stair leading to more than one apartment in a tenement shall be lighted and ventilated upon every story above the ground floor by means of windows or skylights opening to the external air or other means satisfactory to the dean of guild. Every stair must be kept free from encumbrances.

Certificate of Conformity. No new or altered tenement shall be occupied until after it has been inspected by the sanitary inspector and until after the master of works has granted a certificate that it is fit for occupation. This certificate is reported to the dean of guild and is open to inspection.

Enforcement. Inspections are made by the master of works and by the inspectors appointed by the dean of guild court. In cases of violation the master of works may stop the continuation of work on the buildings or even cause the police commissioners to have the work done, the cost being a lien on the property.

Manchester

The Manchester regulations are contained in the "By-laws with respect to New Streets and Buildings" of the City Council, adopted July 1, 1908. These regulations are considered the most complete building code in the United Kingdom. They contain minute regulations as to the thickness of walls, material used, openings in party walls, regulations as to chimneys and flues, roofs, size, weight and strength of timbers, loads, open spaces, ventilation, etc.

"a

In the regulations "Dwelling-house" means building used or constructed or adapted to be wholly

or principally used for human habitation," and consequently covers tenements.

Height of Buildings. Buildings on streets less than 30 ft. wide are limited to two stories. On streets not less than 36 ft. wide they are limited to 3 stories.

Yards. There must be at the rear of every new dwelling house an open space belonging to it exclusively of an aggregate extent of not less than 250 sq. ft. free from any erection above the level of the ground. If the building is less than 25 ft. high the minimum width of this space must be 20 ft., if not less than 25 ft. high it must be 25 ft. wide, and if not less than 35 ft. high must be 35 ft. wide. If the shape of the house prevents this minimum width being maintained across the entire width of the lot a mean width may be taken, but in all cases the yard must extend across the entire lot. On corner lots the space may be at the rear or side of the house and must contain in all cases not less than 250 sq. ft. and must extend throughout at least 15 ft. of the width or depth of the house with a mean distance across of not less than 10 ft., and if not abutting on a street must be connected with it by means of a passage 4 ft. wide.

If any part of a dwelling house projects in the rear from the main part, there must be an open space extending laterally throughout the remaining width of the house, and longitudinally throughout the entire length of the projecting part, at least 5 ft. in width. If the projecting part is over 10 ft. 6 in. high the open space must be not less than 2/ the length of the projecting part.

If the side walls do not front on a street, or adjoin

any other building, or are built on the boundary of a court space, there must be an open space at the side at least 4 ft. 6 in. wide.

Ventilation. Every dwelling house must be provided with a sufficient number of suitable windows to afford effectual means of ventilation by direct communication with the external air. Every habitable room must have at least one window opening directly to the external air, and the total window area must equal 1/10 of the floor area of the room. "Habitable room" in these by-laws also includes bathrooms, lavitories, and dressing rooms as well as other rooms. One-half of every window must open so that the opening extends to the top, and the top of at least one window must be within 12 in. of the ceiling of a room not exceeding 12 ft. in height, or 18 in. of the ceiling of a room not exceeding 15 ft. in height.

Windows opening into closed courts or areas open only at the top, will not satisfy the above requirements unless the distance across the court is equal to at least 11⁄2 the height measured from the window sill to the eaves or top of the parapet of the opposite wall. If one side of a court or area is open, windows opposite the opening will satisfy the requirements.

The window area in all the principal staircases of buildings to be occupied by more than two families in separate apartments, must equal at least % of the area on plan of such staircases.

Rooms. Every room except bathrooms or sculleries, or attic rooms must be 9 ft. high. Bathrooms and sculleries must be at least 8 ft. high, and attic rooms