CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL.

New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Chicago, Baltimore, Cleveland and Toledo have requirements that no building erected or altered to be used as a tenement house can be occupied until a certificate has been issued by the department charged with examining the plans that the building conforms to all the requirements of law regulating the same. Aside from the various penalties prescribed, no rent can be collected until such certificate has been issued.

REGISTRATION OF TENEMENTS.

New York and New Jersey require the owner of every tenement house to file with the Tenement House Department a notice containing his name and address, a description of the property by street number, the number of apartments in the house, the number of rooms in each apartment and the number of families occupying the apartments, and in case of transfer notice of that must also be filed.

Baltimore requires a registration with the building inspector after the manner prescribed by him.

Pennsylvania at its last legislative session passed a law applicable to cities of the first class, requiring every owner or lessee of a tenement house to register and secure a license to run the same from the mayor. Application for such license must be made before the first of January of each year, and when issued is good till the first of January of the ensuing year. A fee of $2.00 is charged for tenements having not more than

ten rooms, and $5.00 for all others. The law also requires a quarterly inspection by the Department of Public Health and Charities. Violations are punishable by fine not exceeding $500 or imprisonment for 3 months.

Los Angeles also has an ordinance requiring a license or permit to conduct tenement houses. In the case of Los Angeles the permit must be secured from the Board of Health, and no fee is charged.

PENALTIES.

New York. “Every person who shall violate or assist in the violation of any provision of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for ten days for each and every day that such violation shall continue, or by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars if the offense be not wilful, or of two hundred and fifty dollars if the offense be wilful, and in every case of ten dollars for each day after the first that such violation shall continue, or by both fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court."

New Jersey. "Every person who shall violate or assist in the violation of any provision of this act (The Tenement House Act) shall be subject to a penalty of one hundred dollars, if such violation be wilful, or to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, if such violation be not wilful."

Pennsylvania imposes a fine of not exceeding $506 or imprisonment not exceeding three months for cities. of the first class, and fine $10-100 for cities of the sec

ond class. In the latter case, each week constitutes a separate offense.

Connecticut imposes a fine of $25 to $100, and makes each 30 days a separate offense.

Other cities prescribe mostly the same penalties as for violation of the general building laws, or the maintenance of nuisances.

ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT.

New York. The Tenement house act reads: "the provisions of this act shall be enforced by the department of any city to which this act applies, which is now charged with the enforcement of laws, ordinances and regulations relating to similar subject matter in tenement houses." This applies now only to Buffalo. The Building Department enforces those provisions as to tenement houses in course of construction; the Board of Health those as to tenement houses occupied for habitation.

By Chapter 19a of the Greater New York Charter a separate Tenement House Department was created for New York City and is charged with the enforcement of the tenement house law. At the head of the department is a Tenement House Commissioner appointed by the mayor for a term of six years and who receives a salary of $7,500 per year. The Commissioner may appoint not more than two deputies at a salary of $4,000 per year. The department is divided into three Bureaus; the Building Bureau, the Inspection Bureau, and the Bureau of Records. In the first there must be at least three plan examiners and 16 in

spectors of light and ventilation. It files, records and examines all plans and specifications for light and ventilation of tenements hereafter erected or altered and inspects them during process of construction. The second bureau must have at least 190 inspectors, and these inspect all tenement houses, and record all violations of the tenement house law. The third bureau keeps a record of every tenement house in the city. The Commissioner makes a report to the mayor annually.

In Buffalo three tenement house inspectors are appointed and work under the direction of the Board of Health, devoting their entire time to the inspection of tenement houses new and old, assisted occasionally by other sanitary inspectors of the department. Buffalo also enjoys the voluntary co-operation of the Charity Organization Society, in enforcing the tenement house

law.

New Jersey. The enforcement and administration of the New Jersey tenement house law is entrusted to the State Board of Tenement House Supervision, composed of five members, appointed by the governor, one each year for a term of five years. This board meets once each month, or oftener if necessary, and is allowed its actual expenses. It elects a secretary to serve five years whose compensation is fixed by the board subject to the approval of the governor, and also, subject to the approval of the governor, appoints and removes such subordinate officers, assistants and employes as may be necessary, assigning them to duty in any part of the state. It makes all rules and regu

lations necessary for the proper administration of its duties, and adopts a seal of which, together with the signatures of the president and secretary, all courts take judicial notice. The board examines the plans of all proposed tenement houses, inspects them during construction and issues certificates of approval, when the same comply with the law.

New Jersey is the only state so far with such a board.

Pennsylvania. In cities of the first class the tenement house regulations are administered and enforced by the Bureau of Building Inspection. The inspectors of the department inspect all buildings in process of construction and the chief of the Bureau must pass on all plans. The entire corps of inspectors constitutes a Board of Appeal.

In cities of the second class the superintendent of the bureau of building inspection must pass upon all plans and specifications, and the inspectors of that department must see that work on tenements conforms to approved plans. Aside from this the boards of health in such cities must employ one or more special tenement house inspectors whose duty it is to regularly inspect tenement houses to see that the requirements of the law of March 25, 1903 (sanitary provisions.) are enforced.

Connecticut. It is the duty of every inspector of buildings, fire marshal, or other person authorized to issue building permits, by whatever name known, to enforce the provisions of this act, and to report all violations thereof to the proper prosecuting officer. (Sec. 29) The act does not abrogate or impair the powers