1 and court, and for education (industrial) of all minors imprisoned. Paris police stations have separate waiting rooms and there is a separate "remand house" for temporary detention after judgment. Children may not ride in patrol wagons nor be escorted by "gardes" in uniform.2 The Committee of the Patronage de l'Enfance provides for legal defense of children brought before criminal courts.3 Laws, April 19, 1898, and April 12, 1906, leave considerable discretionary power with the judges in dealing with juvenile cases. The probation system is being tried under the care of the Patronage de l' Enfance. An active committee is working for the per'fecting of a juvenile court system. Germany. The Law of July 2, 1900, for the Fürsorgeerziehung Minderjähriger (Guardianship of Minors) an extension of the Law of March 13, 1878,-includes a court of guardianship and provides elaborately for probation. Any one may bring a neglected or offending child under eighteen to this court and such child may be removed entirely from parental care and into a state institution, or into a family, under care of a probation officer. Even offenders over eighteen may be sent to reformatories. The relation of the probation officer to his charge is more intimate than under the American system, for 1 Russell and Rigby, op. cit. p. 239. 4 Russell and Rigby, op. cit. p. 250-64. the Fürsorger has, as a rule, but one protegé. Such protection may continue until the child reaches the age of twenty-one. Detailed reports and records are required.1 Holland. Holland has special statutes providing for substituting state guardianship and maintenance for parental control; providing for reprimand and conditional condemnation before sentencing delinquents to reformatory; and private court proceedings. The age of juvenile jurisdiction has been raised to eighteen." Hungary. Children between twelve and sixteen cannot be punished. They may be confined in houses of correction to which also may be admitted minors and destitue children not over eighteen. Special care ceases at the age of twenty. Hungary has especially developed its system of homes for dependent and neglected children.3 Sweden. Children under fifteen are not brought before the ordinary courts, but before a commission whose chairman is a clergyman, the other members being school teachers, legal men, etc. Certain men do work approximating that of the probation officer, being paid for each special case. 1 Russell and Rigby, op. cit. p. 141-142. 2ib.. 279-286. 3 ib., 30. United States ANALYSIS OF STATUTES Purpose. An excellent enunciation of the principles underlying juvenile court legislation appears in the following, the preamble to the Louisiana Law of 1906 (c. 82, p. 134): "Whereas the welfare of the State demands that children should be guarded from. association and contact with crime and criminals and the ordinary process of the criminal law does not provide such treatment and care and moral encouragement as are essential to all children in the formative period of life, but endangers the whole future of the child; and, "Whereas, experience has shown that children lacking proper parental care or guardianship, are led into courses of life which may render them liable to the pains and penalties of the criminal law of the State, although the real interests of such child or children require that they be not incarcerated in penitentiaries and jails as members of the criminal class, but be subjected to a wise care, treatment, and control, that their evil tendencies may be checked and their better instincts may be strengthened; and, "Whereas, to that end it is important that the powers of the courts, in respect to the care, treatment and control over dependent, neglected, delinquent, and incorrigible children should be clearly distinguished from the powers exercised in the administration of the criminal law: Title. Certain statutes have been declared by the courts to have insufficient and inadequate titles. For good examples of Titles, see California, 1905, c. 610; Colorado, 1907, c. 149; Michigan, 1907, no. 325; Oregon, 1907, c. 34; and Utah, 1907, c. 139. Definitions. Most statutes provide for three classes of children-dependent, neglected, and delinquent. Especially good definitions of these are found in Colorado, 1903, c. 85 and 1907, c. 168; Illinois, 1905, May 16, p. 152; Ohio, 1908, Apr. 24, secs. 5, 6: Oregon, 1907, c. 34, sec. 1; Utah, 1903, c. 124, sec. 2, and 1907, c, 139, sec. 13; Arizona, 1907, c. 78, sec. 1. Louisiana, 1906, c. 82, sec. 1, mentions also "incorrigibles". Massachusetts, 1906, c. 413, sec. 1, includes "wayward children.". Courts. Statutes provide that jurisdiction in juvenile cases shall lie as follows: Arizona, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska-District Courts; Illinois-Circuit and County Courts; Missouri-Circuit Court; Louisiana and Texas-District and County Courts; Michigan-Circuit and Probate Courts; Kansas and Oregon-County Court; New Jersey-Court of Common Pleas ; Idaho and Kansas-Probate Court; Wisconsin-Courts of Record in the several Counties; Washington-Superior Courts in Special Session; New York-Court of Special Sessions; Pennsylvania-Quarter Sessions of the Peace; California― Superior Court or Justices Court or Police Court in Special Sessions; Ohio-Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, Insolvency Courts and Superior Courts; New Hampshire-Police Court and Justices Courts; Alabama-Chancery Court or any Court having equal powers and jurisdiction; Colorado, District Cf. Report of the Probation Commission of New York, p. 225. of Columbia, Indiana, Maryland, Utah-special Juvenile Courts. Age limits. The tendency in recent legislation has been to raise the limit of age under which cases shall be subject, in the first instance, to juvenile jurisdiction. Present statutes set the limit as follows: Alabama-fourteen; Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin-sixteen; District of Columbia, Michigan, New Hampshire, Ohio, Washington-seventeen; Indiana-males sixteen, females seventeen; Illinois and Kentucky-males seventeen, females eighteen; Nebraska (1907), Oregon (1907), and Utah (1907)-eighteen. In many cases the jurisdiction of the court continues to twenty-one.1 Trial. Most of the statutes allow summary jurisdiction except where the plea "not guilty" or demand for trial by jury is made.2 In general the effort is made to have a juvenile court room separate from any other court room. In several cities the court has a separate building with both court and detention facilities. Where a special room is impossible most statutes provide that the juvenile court shall not be held within two hours of the holding of any other court in the same room. Sessions shall be made as private as possible, only persons necessary to the trial or to the interests of the child being admitted. Some courts 1 See e. g., Statutes of Colorado, Illinois, Ohio. Kansas and Tennessee. 2 See e. g., statutes of Arizona, 1907, c. 78. sec. 3: Michigan, 1907, c. 314, sec. 3; Texas, 1907, c. 44, sec. 2. |