REFERENCES BONNEFOY, GASTON. La Paris, 1902. Représentation Proportionelle. Full general treatment of various systems and their application in different countries, with special study of conditions in France. Contains bibliography, almost entirely of French works. BROWN, W. J. The new democracy. London, 1899. Ch. 3. "The Hare System, etc.," discusses Tasmania's experience with her first law of 1896. COMMONS, JOHN R. New York, 1907. Proportional representation. 2d ed. The standard American work on the subject. Discusses this. reform in all its bearings with special reference to American con-ditions and needs. DUTHOIT, EUGENE. Le Suffrage de demain. Paris, 1901. See p. 210 for proportional representation in Belgium, and p..239 for the text of the Belgium law of Dec. 29, 1899. EQUITY. A quarterly magazine published by C. F. Taylor, M. D., Philadelphia. Contains the revised "Proportional Representation Review" edited by Robert Tyson, Secretary of the American Proportional Representation League. GREAT BRITAIN PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS. Reports from representatives in foreign countries and in the British colonies respecting the application of the principle of proportional representation to public elections. Miscel. Doc. no. 3, cd. 3501, London, 1907. The best single source for the laws of various countries. HUMPHREYS JOHN H. The government and three cornered. contests. Albany Review, June, 1908, vol. 3, p. 262. Discusses present problem of electoral reform urging propor-tional representation as the only effective solution. LAFITTE, JEAN P. La Réforme électorale: la Représentation Porportionelle, Paris, 1897. A brief exposition of the principles and workings of this system of election, in the shape of "letters to an elector." List of books (with references to periodicals, 1835-1904) relating to proportional representation. Library of Congress, Washington, 1904. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION REVIEW. A quarterly magazine published by the Amer. Prop. Rep. League, Chicago, 1893-1906. RUPPENTHAL, J. C. Election reforms: The trend toward democracy. American Lawyer, Feb. and Mar. 1906, vol. 14, p. 72 and 108. A comprehensive survey of the subject with extensive references and annotations. SARIPOLOS, NICOLAS. La Démocratie et l'Élection Proportionelle, 2 vols., Paris, 1899. Exhaustive historical study in theory and practice from ancient times to date of writing. Extensive bibliography of general and special works in French, German. English and other languages. TYSON, ROBERT. Proportional Representation. Bliss, W. D. P. ed. New Encyclopedia of Social Reform. New York, 1908, p. 975. Proportional representation. 1907, vol. 2, p. 17. Government, Oct. Excellent condensed statements of its principles, practice and progress to date. The electoral wisdom of Japan. Arena, Sept. 1904, vol. 32, p. 269. Brief exposition of the advantages of the single non-transferable vote in mutiple districts as applied in Japan. Proportional representation in Switzerland. Arena, Oct. 1905, vol. 34, p. 344. Short account of the actual working of the "Free list" system with the multiple vote. The Belgium system of proportional representation. Arena, Dec. 1903, vol. 30, p. 591. Analyzes the Belgium law of 1899 and compares with Swiss system. VINCENT, JOHN M. Government in Switzerland. New York, 1900. Ch. IV gives a short account of proportional representation in practice. WENDT, GEORG VON. Die Proportionalwahl zur Finnischen Volksvertretung. Leipzig, 1906. An analysis and explanation of the Finnish law of 1906. HISTORY "Proportional Representation" is representation in proportion to numerical strength. The term is applied to those systems in which representation is given to minorities as well as majorities, or, to all considerable groups of electors in proportion to their voting strength. The essential feature of proportional representation is the grouping of voters according to political ideas and interests rather than according to artificial geographical lines. England In 1780 the Duke of Richmond introduced a bill in Parliament including a clause for minority representation. In 1854 Lord John Russell introduced a motion in Parliament for the application of limited vote where three candidates were to be elected.1 In 1870 the cumulative vote was applied to elections for local boards of education.2 1 Hansard (1854) vol. CXXXI. 2 33-34 Vic. c. 75 sec. 29, p. 455. Important works published in England on this subject were: 1854 J. G. Marshall, Majorities and Minorities: Their Relative Rights:" 1859 Thos. Hare, "The Election of Representatives: Parliamentary and Municipal." In 1862 J. S. Mill. "Considerations on Representative Government," advocated proportional representation. Switzerland In 1846 Victor Considérant addressed the Grand Council of Geneva in an open letter "De la Sincérité du Gouvernment Représentatif, ou Exposition de l'Élection Véridique."1 Neuchâtel. The limited vote was known here as early as 1867 and was used at that time for the election of candidates from which were chosen magistrates and "jurés." Vaud. The same system was applied in this canton in 1867 for the election of "jurés." In 1891, as a result of riots brought about by contests over elections, the Canton of Ticino adopted the "Free List." The same year Neuchâtel adopted the same system. Geneva followed in 1892; Fribourg and Zug in 1894; Soleure in 1895. Others have followed since, though proportional representation has been rejected for some cantons and for the federal assembly. United States The idea was here first presented in 1844 by Mr. Thos. Gilpin (Phila.) in his work "On the Representation of minorities of electors to act with the majority in elected assemblies." In 1870 the Illinois Constitutional Convention adopted a scheme of electing members of the House of Representatives by Cumulative vote.3 1 In 1861 M. Antoin Morin published "Un Noveau Systeme Électoral" (at Geneva) and in 1862 a work "De la Représentation des Minorités. 2 See postea, "Laws." Const. art. 4, secs. 7 and 8. A New York law in 1874 provided for the election of aldermen in districts of three members each, no voter to vote for more than two.1 Pennsylvania. In 1870 by special act provided for the use of the cumulative vote in the city of Bloomsburg for all offices of two or more incumbents.2 The law was later amended to include other muncipalities. In 1874 limited vote was applied to the election of police magistrates in Philadelphia. In 1875 the legislature provided for twenty-five courts with the same number of judges to be elected on a general ticket, the voter to be allowed to vote for two-thirds of the members to be elected.* In 1893 an act was passed for the election of aldermen in Boston by limited vote.5 Other Countries Brazil. A law of Oct. 20, 1875, established the limited vote for elections to the municipal, provincial, and national Assemblies. Cuba. in 1879. Limited vote was first introduced in Cuba Denmark adopted Proportional Representation for elections to the Parliament in 1855, and re-enacted the system for the Landsthing in 1867. 1 N. Y. Laws. 1874, c. 515, p. 704. 2 Sess. Laws of Penn. 1870, No. 335, sec. 4, p. 343. Repealed 1882. 3 Sess. Laws, 1874, No. 147, sec. 2, p. 224. 4 Sess. Laws, 1875, No. 60, sec. 4, p. 57. Mass. Acts, 1893, c. 473, p. 1409. Laws of Oct. 2, 1855 and July 12, 1867. |