20,629,000

ing popular discontent in regard to the high cost of living. Specifically it included against profiteering, food speculation, and rackmeasures renting; for housing and currency reforms; promotion of railway construction, land settlement, and irrigation; industrial improvement including the application of the Whitley system to South African industries and the introduction of measures in respect to fair wages and the working day. Progress had been made in the policy with regard to the natives and a plan was being carried out for the creation of a permanent native commission and of advisory councils to which natives were to be admitted.

THE SECESSION ISSUE. elections no party had a clear majority over the As a result of the other three. The prime minister, General Smuts, though supported loyally by the Unionists, on the constitutional issue, had not the necessary parliamentary basis for action. Vain attempts were made to combine his followers and those of General Hertzog, but the latter were not ready for any compromise, except upon the issue of a South African republic, and to this General Smuts was opposed. A conference at Bloemfontein in September having shown that they were irreconcilable, General Smuts issued a manifesto denouncing republicanism and calling for the creation of a new party that should stand for loyalty to the constitution, irrespective of race. The Unionists, under the leadership of Sir Thomas Smartt, accepted this programme. They voted to dissolve their own organization and join the South African party in a body. As pointed out in preceding YEAR BOOKS the Nationalist party under General Hertzog had steadily gained ground. At first the party worked clandestinely, while outwardly loyal to the constitution, but latterly it had declared openly its intention of setting up a republic. In this the Nationalists promised to use only constitutional means but it was believed by their opponents that there was no chance of realizing their aims except by revolution. For a time in the summer of 1920 General Hertzog seemed willing to forego the demand for secession as an immediate issue in practical politics, but the pressure of the younger and more radical element as represented by such leaders as Mr. Tielman Roos in the Transvaal and Dr. Malan in Cape Province compelled him

Special Incremental Pay.

to come out publicly for secession and he did so just before the final conference at Bloemfontein. At the close of the year attention was fixed 8, 1921, at which the South African party's on the approaching elections, appointed for Feb. appeal for unity would be definitely submitted to the people. It was regarded as the most The parties in Parliament were almost evenly critical event in the recent history of the country. matched, the Nationalist and Labor vote about equalling that of the South African party and the Unionists. Some of the arguments advanced by General Smuts as the campaign approached were: That the secession of the Union as a whole civil war between the Dutch and the English, would split the Union itself into parts, cause and drive the natives to revolt for they preferred British rule to the Dutch; and that if a be impotent and isolated; furthermore that the new Dutch state should come out of it, it would status accorded to South Africa along with the other British dominions in the League of Nations implied the very recognition of independence for which the separatists contended. South American countries. SOUTH AMERICA. See under the various

1

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. A state of the Australian commonwealth, occupying the central and tralia on the west, and Queensland, New South southern part of the continent; bounded by the Wales and Victoria on the east. Area, 380,070 Northern Territory on the north, Western Aussquare miles; population at the census of 1911, 408,558; estimated, June 30, 1919, at 448,075, exclusive of the men in the Australian Expeditionary Force who had not yet returned. The above figures do not include the aborigines who largest city is Adelaide with an estimated population in 1918, including suburbs, of 235,751. were placed at over 20,000. The capital and The principal crops are: Wheat, wine, barley, oats, and hay. In 1917-18 the crops were valued duced in 1918-19 were as follows: 936,925 bushels; wine, 6,554,125 gallons; barley, at £10,291,443. The estimates of quantity pro2,497,743 bushels; oats, 1,609,467 bushels; hay, Wheat, 22,569,945 tons. Legislative power is in a legislative council and house of assembly, the former having 20 members and the latter 46. In the election of 1918, 256,724 were registered, of

whom 134,188 were women, the franchise to women having been granted in 1898. Executive authority is vested in the governor, appointed by the crown, who acts through a responsible ministry. Governor in 1920, Lt. Col. W. G. G. T. Weigall; Prime Minister, A. H. Beake. See AUSTRALIA.

SOUTH CAROLINA. POPULATION. According to the preliminary report of the census of 1920, there were 1,683,724 residents in the state, January 1, 1920, as compared with 1,515,400 in 1910.

AGRICULTURE. According to the census of 1920, the number of farms was 192,664, an increase of 9.2 per cent since 1910. The following table is compiled from the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years, 1919 and 1920;

Produc. Bu. Value
42,370,000 $49,149,000
36,320,000 71,550,000
10,416,000 10,728,000

4,488,000

(Democrat), 58,050; no opposition; and the vote for United States Senator was: Smith (Democrat), 63,151; no opposition.

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF. A non-sectarian, co-educational institution located at Columbia; founded in 1801. In 1920, there were 540 students enrolled. The faculty had 37 members. The university is supported by appropriations which amounted to $211,515 and $75,000 for buildings. $25,000 was realized from sale of property. The library had 60,000 volumes. There were four new chairs added, namely: (1) Bible Chair; (2) Rural Social Science; (3) Hygiene and Sanitation; (4) Business Administration. A school of commerce was also established. President, W. S. Currell.

SOUTH DAKOTA. POPULATION. According to the preliminary report of the census of 1920, there were 636,547 residents in the State, January 1, 1920, as compared with 583,888 in 1910.

AGRICULTURE. Acccording to the census of 1920, the number of farms was 74,564, a falling off of 4.0 per cent since 1910. The following table is compiled from the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, cov10,042,000 ering the years, 1919 and 1920:

792,000
590,000

80,864,000 18,437,000
€ 462,000 11,466,000
€ 371,000 11,440,000

11,730,000

12,903,000

5,010,000

Rye

Tobacco

1,620,000

900,000

3,434,000
2,628,000 Oats

1919 3,200,000
1920 2,219,000

91,200,000 108,528,000 75,446,000 24,897,000

1919 1,850,000 53,650,000 33,800,000 1920 1,073,000 26,825,000 13,949,000 1919 875,000 19,250,000 22,138,000 1920 2,886,000 26,282,000 30,224,000 1919 3,725,000

a Pounds.

1919 2,835,000
b Bales. e Tons.

FINANCE. Balance, Dec. 31, 1919, $1,100477; receipts durng the fiscal year 1920, $10,102940; expenditures during fiscal year 1920, $9,801,066; balance December 31, 1920, $1,402,021. The principal of the funded debt, December 31, $5,382,308.

LEGISLATION. Among the measures passed in the regular session of the legislature may be mentioned: Act to encourage the teaching of agriculture, industry, and domestic science in the public schools; better regulation of charitable and correctional institutions; creating drainage system and authorization of taxation and bond issues to that end; drivers of motor vehi cles required to stop and render aid after striking people; children under twelve prohibited from driving motor vehicles; authorizing cities of 50,000 or more to acquire and operate port utilities and providing for the creation of a port utilities commission; placing steamboat lines and truck lines under the jurisdiction of the railroad commission; sanitary inspection and provision for the conduct of hotels and restaurants; provision for annual physical examination by physicians and dentists of children in the public schools; prohibiting teachers having tuberculosis or infectious diseases from teaching in the public schools; free tuition for ex-soldiers.

ELECTIONS. The vote in the presidential election of 1920 was: Cox (Democrat), 63,490; Harding (Republican), 2266; as compared with the following vote in the election of 1916: son (Democrat), 61,837; Hughes (Republican), 1558. The vote for governor was: Cooper

1919 4,440,000

1920 84,000
1919 90,000

4,500,000

MINERAL PRODUCTION. The production of gold from mines in South Dakota in 1920 was $4,339,000, compared with $4,862,536 in 1919 and with $6,565,337 in 1918; that of silver was 68,035 ounces, compared with 115,522 ounces in 1919, according to preliminary estimates by the United States Geological Survey. Production in 1920 in the Black Hills district of South Dakota was confined almost exclusively to two mines, the Homestake and the Trojan. The Homestake produced gold amalgam bars and cyanide gold bars, and the Trojan produced silver-gold cyanide bars and a few lots of smelting ore. All the other gold properties were closed on account of the high costs of mining.

MANUFACTURES. Preliminary figures of the census of manufactures in the State in 1919, published by the United States Bureau of the census showed a consistent increase at the census of 1919 as compared with that of 1914. In the order of their importance from a percentage standpoint, the increases for the several items ranked as follows: Wages, 200.9 per cent; value by manufacture, 170.1 per cent; value of products, 158.6 per cent; cost of materials, 153.8 per cent; salaries, 149 per cent; capital, 112.1 per cent; proprietors and firm members, 85 per cent; wage earners, 68.6 per cent; number of establishments, 57.6 per cent; salaried employees, 56.3 per cent and primary horsepower, 37.4 per cent. The capital invested, as reported in 1919, showed a gain of $16,885,000, or 112.1 per cent, over that