PSYCHOLOGY

the theses that industrial organization calls for attention to individual mental characteristics; that the mental sciences can give practical help in dealing with minds in everyday actions; and that it is feasible to use mental science in industrial organization. H. D. Kitson, in Economic Implications in the Psychological Doctrine of Interest (J. Polit. Econ., xxviii,332), maintains that it is the psychological state of interest that must be brought out in our economic relations. E. E. Southard, in three articles (16,43;281; 550), tells of the important part psychologists and psychiatrists are to play in our industrial life.

Other articles are: F. B. Gilbreth and L. M. Gilbreth, How to Increase Production (Ind., cii,354); H. D. Kitson, Vocational Guidance and the Theory of Probability (School Rev., ii,143); C. S. Meyers, Psychology and Industry (9,177). Some books which deal with the relation of psychology to industry are: E. L. Benedict, Practical Psychology; H. Chellew, Human and Industrial Efficiency; S. Cody, Commercial Tests and How to Use Them; F. C. Kelly, Human Nature in Business; B. Muscio, Lectures on Industrial Psy chology; and F. Watts, The Psychological Problems of Industry. Two books of a special nature are: W. D. Scott, Psychology of Advertising and H. D. Kitson, Manual for the Study of the Psychology of Advertising and Selling. In the following papers we find accounts of specific trade tests: W. Benary (27,250), H. M. Johnson (Science, civ,449), E. Murray (3,30), R. S. Roberts (13,101), O. Lippman and O. Stolzenberg (27,173), and S. Wyatt and H. C. Weston (9,293).

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. D. W. LaRue's Psychology for Teachers is a text written from a purely practical point of view. M. V. O'Shea's Mental Development and Education follows the lines laid down in his earlier works. O. Lippmann publishes a brief Psychologie für Lehrer. M. Drummond, in The Dawn of Mind, gives a fairly orthodox view of the development of mind; she follows McDougall in her treatment of the instincts. Another general treatise is A. S. Edwards' Fundamental Principles of Learning and Study. R. A. Mackie's Education during Adolescence applies the principles of G. S. Hall. B. Muscio in Fluctuations in Mental Efficiency (9,317) finds no evidence for decreased efficiency after work. Sir R. Blair (Nature, evi,323) pleads for a science of education which goes beyond mere applied psychology. In Imagination and Its Place in Education, E. A. Kirkpatrick applies to school subjects the facts so far gathered concerning the imagination of children. F. H. Allport, in The Influence of the Group upon Association and Thought (14,159), finds that the group improves quantity and not quality. Other studies are: P. Tyer, Training the Subconscious Mind in the School Room (Ed., xl, 289); H. E. Purcell, Teaching Psychology via Life (Ed. Rev., lix,395); A. Richards, School Adjustment and the Psychic Environment (24,178); T. R. Garth, The Psychology of Riddle Solution: An Experiment in Purposive Thinking (13,16); R. C. Moore, The Emotion of Admiration and Its Development in Children (J. Ex. Ped., v.221); G. F. Arps, Work with Knowledge of Results versus Work without Knowledge of Results (20,No. 125); G. S. Snoddy, An Experimental Analysis of a Case of Trial and Error Learning in the Human Subject (20,No.124); J. Peterson, The Backward Elimination of Errors in Mental Maze

Learning (14,257); and P. E. Kretzmann, Psychology and the Christian Day-School.

MENTAL TESTS. Workers in the field of mental testing tend to place more emphasis on practical application and less on the tests as tests. The tendency shows itself especially in the use of tests in schools and colleges as the basis for grading or for college entrance in the absence of other examinations. As examples we have: S. S. Brooks, Using Standardized Tests in Rural Schools for Grading Purposes (12,729); R. Pintner and H. Noble, The Classification of School Children According to Mental Age (12,713); S. L. Pressy and L. W. Pressy, Measuring the Usefulness of Tests in Solving School Problems (26, 531), where brief tests for the Junior High School and the entering primary classes corrected all gross misplacements; and W. D. Armstrong (13, 165), who found the Otis scale satisfactory for classifying high-school pupils. Other reports are: L. M. Terman, The Use of Intelligence Tests in the Grading of School Children (12,20); W. M. Proctor, Psychological Tests as a Means of Measuring the Probable Success of High School Pupils (12,258); The Use of Psychological Tests in the Educational Guidance of High School Pupils (12,369). M. M. Wentworth (26,58) finds the army Alpha tests better than teachers' estimates for selecting students of college grade; and W. H. Smith (26,71) proves that the results from the use of the Otis Group Intelligence Tests afford a reliable basis for predicting high-school success. Some reports on the use of tests with college students are: J. E. Anderson, Intelligence Tests of Yale Freshmen (26,417); E. A. Jones, Army Tests and Oberlin Freshmen (26, 389); E. L. Noble and G. F. Arps, University Students' Intelligence Ratings According to the Army Alpha Tests (26,233); A. L. Rodgers, Mental Tests as a Means of Selecting and Classifying College Students (13,181); M. J. VanWagenen, Some Results and Inferences Derived from the Use of the Army Tests at the University of Minnesota (93,59); and I. N. Madsen, High School Students' Intelligence Ratings according to the Army Alpha Tests (26,298). S. S. Colvin, in The Validity of Psychological Tests for College Entrance (Ed. Rev., 1x,7), gives three reasons why psychological tests fail to agree with college records. Practically all the new tests are for group examination. They include the National Intelligence Tests prepared under the auspices of the National Research Council by M. E. Haggerty, L. M. Terman, E. L. Thorndike, G. M. Whipple, and R. M. Yerkes, Chairman; the Otis Group Intelligence Scale; the Standard Educational Tests by M. E. Haggerty; Haggerty Reading Examination; the Terman Group Test of Mental Ability; W. H. Pyle, A Manual for the Mental and Physical Examination of School Children (revised); F. Reedy and J. W. Bridges, 'A Short Point Scale for Mental Measurement (3,258); R. Pintner and F. Fitzgerald, An Educational Survey Test (13,207); S. L. Pressy, A Brief Group Scale of Intelligence for Use in School Surveys; D Herderschee, Tests für taubstumme Kinder (27,40), a series of 31 tests graded according to year; and M. J. VanWagenen, Graded Opposites and Analogies Tests (13,240). R. Pintner and S. Renshaw, in A Standardization and Weighting of 200 Analogies (3,263), give three significant values. Other articles dealing with some phase of tests are: E. Claparède, Percentilage de quelques tests d'aptitude (5,

313); De la constance des subjects à l'égard des tests d'aptitude (5,325); G. E. Bird, A Test of Some Standard Tests (13,275); J. N. Curtis and G. A. Taylor, The Application of Mental Tests to Persons over Fifty Years of Age (3,39); E. A. Lincoln, The Effects of Native Intelligence upon Scores in Standard Tests (acquirement) (26, 441); L. W. Pressy, The Influence of Inadequate Schooling and Poor Environment upon Results with Tests of Intelligence (3,91); G. C. Myers, Intelligence of Troops Infected with Hookworm vs. Those not Affected (24,211); J. F. Dashiel, The Effect of Practice on Two Mental Tests (13, 151); and C. S. Yoakum and R. M. Yerkes, Army Mental Tests. On the side of special abilities we have: G. Revèsz, Prüfung der Musikalität (28, d,163); S. L. Pressy and O. R. Chambers, First Revision of a Group Scale Designed for Investigating the Emotions (3,97); and J. E. Downey, The Adolescent Will Profile (13,157) and Some Volitional Patterns Revealed by the Will Profile (14,281). M. E. Loughlin (20, No.121) gives the results of an inquiry into the etiology of feeblemindedness, and H. A. Toops and R. Pintner (14, 231) publish Curves of Growth of Intelligence. S. Cody (21,572) formulates rules for mental measurement. M. R. Trabue and F. P. Stockbridge, in Measure Your Mind, offer a handbook for the layman.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Mention has already been made of Wundt's Völkerpsychologie. An important book in this field is W. McDougall's The Group Mind, developed along the lines laid down in the author's Social Psychology. I. Edman, in Human Traits and Their Social Significance, deals with social institutions as means of control over man's unchanged nature. G. E. Partridge, in Psychology of Nations, outlines the social past and gives a programme of education for the future. E. D. Martin. in The Behavior of Crowds; A Psychological Study, makes hate the impelling motive of the crowd. R. R. Marett, Psychology and Folk Lore; C. I. Major. How to Develop Will Power; G. W. Patrick, The Psychology of Social Reconstruction; and F. A. Parsons, The Psychology of Dress are books with a social reference. Works which treat of the political aspect of social life are: F. A. Beecher, National Politics in Its Psychological Aspect (Open Court, xxxiii, 653) and L. Maury, Psychologie et politique (Rev. polit. et litt., lviii, 632). Psychology in its relation to criminal procedure is the theme of: G. G. Fernald, Importance of Character Study in Criminology (10, 107); .E. A. Doll, Study of Multiple Criminal Factors (10,33); J. K. Oliver, Emotional States and Illegal Acts (10,77); C. E. Benson, Study in Criminal Psychology (10,119); P. L. Gray, Children and the Cinema (J. Exp. Ped., v,194); and R. Pettow, Zur Psychologie der Transvestie (6,b, ).

PSYCHOLOGY OF THE ABNORMAL. The Psychology of Subnormal Children by L. S. Hollingsworth is an outstanding book in this field. The author brings to her work insight enriched by years of experience. Another book of general interest is Abnormal Psychology and Education by F. Watts. Books on general and special neuroses are: M. Culpin, Psychoneuroses of War and Peace; G. Dumas, Troubles mentaux et troubles nerveux de guerre; Dumas et Aime, Névroses et psychoses de guerre chez les AustroAllemands; H. L. Hollingworth, Psychology of Functional Neuroses; Porot et Hesnard, Psy

chiatrie de guerre et l'expertise mentale militaire; E. Jones, Treatment of the Neuroses; and Roussy, Boisseau, D'Oelsnitz, Traitement des psychonévroses de guerre. A. Leclère offers a Contribution à l'étude des régressions psychiques" (23,203). J. C. Foster, in Significant Responses in Certain Memory Tests (3,142), finds that both the quality and the quantity of response are significant for certain psychoses. S. Freud's General Introduction to Psychoanaly sis is both simple and authoritative. Two other books, B. Low's Psychoanalysis and A. Tridon's Psychoanalysis; Its History, Theory, and Practice give general accounts of the Freudian theory. P. H. Furfey and T. V. Moore, in Conscious and Unconscious Factors in Symbolism and Hypnotic Analogies (20,No.121), argue for an extension of subconscious motives. According to G. Humphreys, in The Conditioned Reflex and the Freudian Wish (1,338), the wish is a more or less complicated system of interdependent reflexes and does not derive necessarily, or in any case directly, from the sex-complex. C. E. Corey (1,369) describes a case of automatic drawing which is of interest because the dissociated controlling complex belongs to one of the highest functions of mind. In Psychoanalysis and Behavior, A. Tridon shows how all human conduct may be interpreted from the psychoanalytic point of view. E. Holmes (15,509) and E. M. Caillard (15,776) wish to put the principles of psychoanalysis to use for preventive purposes. I H. Coriat, in Repressed Emotions, treats psychoanalytically of repressed emotion in primitive society and in literature. The following are specific cases of psychoanalytic treatment: E. S. Conklin (2,59) The Foster Child Fantasy; G. Berguer, Quelques traits de la vie de Jésus au point de vue psychologique et psychoanalytique; R. de Saussure, A propos d'un disciple D'Unternährer (5,297); I. H. Coriat, Hysteria of Lady Macbeth; L. Dooley, Psychoanalysis of Charlotte Brontë, as a type of the Woman Genius; (2,221); and L. Pruettf, A Psychoanalytic Study of Edgar Allen Poe (2,370). The following list attests the popular interest in the subject: P. M. Blanchard, The Adolescent Girl; M. K. Bradby, Psychoanalysis and Its Place in Life; R. Briffault, Psyche's Lamp; P. Bousfield, Elements of Psychoanalysis; P. C. Bjerre, History and Practice of Psychoanalysis (2d ed); E. Evans, Problem of the Nervous Child; H. J. O'Higgins, The Secret Springs; J. Varendouck, The Psychology of Day Dreams; W. S. Walsh, Psychology of Dreams; B. Malzberg, Child's Mind à la Freud (Soc. Hyg., vi,105); S. N. Patten, Analysis of Mental Defects (Monist, xxx, 107); D. G. Mason, Psychoanalysis and Music (Arts and Dec., xiii,106); and H. C. Grumbine, Reaction of a Layman to Psychoanalysis (Scribners M., lxviii,602).

Bibliography. (1) J. Abnor. Psychol., xiv. (2) Amer. Jour. Psychol., xxxi. (3) Jour. Appl. Psychol., iv. (4) Proc. Arist. Soc., N. S., xix. (5) Arch. de Psychol., xvii. (6) Arch. f. d. ges. Psychol., a, xxxv; b, xxxvi; c, xxxvii; d, xxxviii; e, xxxix. (7) Archives of Psychol., xxvi. Psychol. Bull., xvii. (9) Brit. Jour. Psychol., x. (10) Jour. Crim. Law and Criminol., xi. (11) Psychol. Clinic, xiii. (12) Jour. Ed. Research, i.

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(13) Jour. Ed. Psychol., xi. (14) Jour. Exp. Psychol., iii. (15) Hibbert Jour., xviii. (16) Mental Hygiene, iv. (17) Mind, xxix. (18) Univ. of Oreg. Pub., i. (19) Psychol.

Rev.,

most successful English jockey was S. Donoghue, who scored 122 firsts, 98 seconds, and 74 thirds. The leading English owner was Sir R. Jardine with $91,510. Capt. G. Loder's Spion Kop captured the English Derby and Comrade, owned by M. E. de St. Alary, won the Grand Prix de Paris. The Grand Circuit season comprised 310 races, 181 for trotters and 129 for pacers. Tommy Murphy and Fred Erdman were the leading driv ers, each winning 30 events. Peter Manning was the largest individual winner with a total of $26,550. This horse also set a new world's record for the best three heats at a mile, his times being 2:03, 2:0234, and 2:0216. Single G. established a new world's pacing record by traveling three heats in 1:59. 2:00, and 2:0034.

RACQUETS and COURT TENNIS. C. S. Pell captured the national amateur racquets singles, defeating S. G. Mortimer by scores of 9-15, 15-9, 15-2, 15-8. The doubles title went to Jay Gould and J. W. Wear who defeated C. S. Pell and S. G. Mortimer 15-9, 15-11, 9-15, 15-10, 16-18, 6-15, 15-7. Jack Soutar triumphed over Otto Glockler in matches for the American professional racquets championship by scores of 15-5, 16-5, 9-15, 15-10.

A. J. Cordier of the Yale Club, New York City won the national amateur squash championship, defeating Anderson Dana of the Crescent A. C. 17-15, 15-9, 15-3. Jay Gould again reigned supreme in the court tennis singles. The court tennis doubles honors were gained by Gould and J. W. Wear.

RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. A non-sectarian institution of the higher learning for the education of women, at Cambridge, Mass.. founded in 1879. The enrollment for the regular fall session of 1920 was 614. The faculty numbered 133, who were instructors and professors of Harvard University. The productive funds amounted to $1,900,000 and the income to $90,000. There were 44,000 volumes in the library. President, LeBaron Russell Briggs, LL.D., Litt.D.

RADIO-TELFGRAPHY. See WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY.

RADIO-TELEPHONY. See WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY.

RADIUM, MEDICAL USES OF. It is not yet generally understood that radium mav extend more hope for the mitigation of persistent high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries than any other of our resources. This is pointed out by Dr. Field, Director of the New York Radium Institute. in the Medical Record for Dec. 25, 1920. The title of his paper is "The Influence of Radioactivity in the Treatment of Hypertension." The greatest proved efficiency of radium is in the treatment of malignant disease (see CANCER) and here the metal acts as a surgical resource, a substitute for the knife. Its use here is sometimes styled radiosurgery. But there are also radiomedical possibilities, for gaseous radium, known as emanation, has all the virtues of solid radium and solutions are easily rendered radioactive. Radium has in fact been used medicinally from the outset but heretofore has done nothing that could not have been done as well or better by other means. Dr. Field is, however, quite sanguine as to the future of the metal in the field of persistent high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis, and believes that at least threefourths of patients with these conditions can have their lives prolonged for many years. He believes that the drug will be as serviceable here as

it has been in cancer, which is saying much. There is considerable similarity between the two affections, for both often attack the robust subject who has never been ill and at about the same age period; and both come on insidiously. To the latter characteristic is due the admonition to have periodical examinations made while yet in health, and needless to state the case which is soonest discovered is usually the one to benefit most from treatment. Persistent high blood pressure is the forerunner of actual hardening of the arteries and the latter in turn precedes the degenerative diseases of the heart, kidneys, and the blood vessels themselves.

So commonly are these three types of degeneration associated in the same individual that we speak of cardiovasculorenal disease as a pathological entity. The great liability of these subjects to cerebral apoplexy makes the brain a participant to some extent in this great complication of diseases. We know very little of the first causes of persistent high blood pressure. According to the author it is hardly encountered in the manual toiler, but this statement should be qualified because certain of the physical workers are predisposed to arteriosclerosis, depending on the amount and character of the work performed. It is true that sedentary livers and mental workers are menaced by the disease, especially those who, carrying burdens of responsibility, are under constant mental stress and who work for long hours at a stretch with neglect of exercise and with the habit of eating consider ably more than their physical requirement. These subjects improve considerably under a radical change of habits-an active outdoor life and reduction in diet, with relief from mental strain.

Since radium stimulates most of the functions it is difficult to understand its exact rôle in relieving arterial disease. Recently it has been claimed that it exerts a direct action on the automatic activity of the heart beat. That it does relieve the symptoms of high tension and arteriosclerosis is readily apparent, and it is probable that if used in season the treatment may prove curative. If only a palliative the treatment will of course need renewing from time to time. Even with advanced organic disease of the heart and kidneys life can be prolonged and symptoms relieved.

The subject of administration is one of the greatest interest because radium is still scarce and the supply will hardly be equal to the constantly increasing demand. Used medicinally it exerts its influence in very small quantities, and even the minute amounts natural to certain mineral springs have given notable results.

In addition to the use of radioactive mineral waters, gaseous radium or emanation may be inhaled and baths may be taken in radioactive water. Radium element proper in solution may be injected beneath the skin or into the veins. The metal is given thus in one of its saltsbromide or chloride. The author has used radium element in this manner in nearly 3000 treatments and has never seen any toxic effects. The foreign substance is not retained in the body but is eliminated in the usual manner. Gaseous radium does not remain long in the body but radium element may be demonstrated in the latter for as long as 12 weeks. Dr. Field will not undertake cases unless the subject will remain under treatment for a maximum of 16 weeks. He obtains good results without coinci

RADIUM

dent dieting and hygiene, although he advises that other measures be utilized along with radium. The worst symptoms such as headache and dizziness, pain in the cardiac region, insomnia, etc., disappear in a few days, while at the end of the treatment the blood pressure may show a reduction of from 15 to 44 mm. in cases originally 160 to 200 mm., the greatest reduction being naturally seen in the higher pressures. As a rule the patients remain well from 6 to 12 months at which juncture there may be a return of high pressure; if this is promptly treated the period of treatment may be reduced to two or three weeks. Relapses are apt to follow certain abuses like overeating. Subjects threatened with relapse should be able by means of right living and the use of some form of gaseous radium such as radioactive mineral waters to ward off or keep down the tendency. Many patients treated four years ago have been free from relapse.

RAILROAD TERMINALS. See CITY PLAN

NING.

RAILWAYS. The Transportation Act became a law on Feb. 28, 1920, and on March 1, 1920, the railroads which had been taken over by the United States government as a war measure Jan. 1, 1918, were returned to the private corporations that owned them. This Transportation Act was the enactment into law of certain parts of the Cummins bill originating in the Senate and the Esch bill originating in the House of Representatives, containing some provisions however, that were not in either bill and omiting many provisions that were in one or other of the bills. Its passage marked a distinctly new epoch in the history of regulation of American railroads. It provided for the termination of "Federal control" of railroads, the settlement of disputes between common carriers and their employees, and an amendment to the Act to Regulate Commerce of 1887.

The larger railroads of the country had been rented by the government from the private corporations that owned them and operated by officers appointed by the government and by employees paid by the government from Jan. 1, 1918, to March 1, 1920. The Transportation Act provided for relinquishment of this rental but for a guarantee to such private corporations as elected to accept it of a net revenue equal to government rental for six months-that is up to August 31st-on condition that any net earnings in excess of the amount of the rental should be turned over to the government. Nearly all of the railroad corporations accepted this guarantee, the more important exceptions being the Southern Railway, the Pere Marquette, the St. Louis Southwestern, the New York, Chicago, and St. Louis, and Long Island. It provided also for the funding of indebtedness of the carriers to the government for a period of 10 years at 6 per cent interest. This indebtedness was incurred by the carriers through the expenditure by the government of sums for additions and betterments to the property of the carriers and advances by the government of sums for the refunding of corporation securities maturing during the period of government operation.

The operating expenses of the carriers had been increased so much under Federal operation that with few exceptions the government was called upon to make up very considerable deficits for the six months period.

The Act created a Railroad Board of Labor Adjustment composed of nine members, three representing the employees, three representing the managements, and three representing the public, with salaries of $10,000 each, to pass upon wages and working conditions. The findings of this board are to be made public but are not enforceable by law.

President Wilson on April 13th appointed the following nine men as members of the Railroad Labor Board:

Public representatives: G. W. W. Hanzer, assistant commissioner of the United States Board of Mediation and Conciliation; Henry Hunt, former mayor of Cincinnati; R. M. Barton, former member of the Tennessee Court of Appeals.

Management representatives: Horace Baker, former general manager of the Cincinnati, New Orleans, & Texas Pacific; J. H. Elliott, former general manager of the Texas & Pacific; W. L. Park, Federal manager of the Chicago Great Western.

Labor representatives: Albert Phillips, vicepresident Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen; A. O. Wharton, president Railroad Employees Department American Federation of Labor; J. J. Forrester, president Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, and Express and Station Employees.

The Interstate Commerce Act is amended so as to provide that the Interstate Commerce Commission shall fix such freight and passenger rates as will provide the railroads as a whole with a net operating income equal to 5% per cent or 6 per cent on the fair value of the property devoted to transportation. Earnings by any railroad in excess of 6 per cent shall be divided, half to be retained by the railroad company as a reserve fund and half to go to the government for the establishment of a contingent fund. The commission is also given the power to fix minimum rates as well as maximum rates. The commission is given the power to pass on the division of through rates as between two or more railroads. Approval of the commission must be obtained for the issuance of new securities. The approval of the commission must also be obtained for the building of extensions and new facilities.

The Act provides that combinations of railroads may be formed subject to the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission but that the combinations shall be carried out in such a way as to preserve existing competition. The commission is empowered to lay out a general plan for the combination of railroads and has interpreted this to mean that it shall lay out such a general scheme. It was working on this scheme at the end of 1920.

As indicative of the attitude of the commission towards this subject the handling of the application of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western is significant. The Lackawanna has for a number of years been paying 20 per cent dividends on its stock and earning a large surplus over and above its dividend requirements. The company claimed in its application to the Interstate Commerce Commission that the value of the property was many times (the petition does not fix an exact amount) the amount of the par value of the stock and asked permission to declare a stock dividend. At the same time permission was asked to merger another road-name not made publicwith the Lackawanna. The commission has held