LABOR LEGISLATION sey, Kansas, New York, and Virginia in labor laws under this head. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING. The transportation bill (passed by Congress in February, 1920), provides for a railroad labor board to consist of three persons representing the employees, three representing the employers, and three representing the public to adjust labor disputes arising in any carrier by rail except that be a local electric railway. Virginia officially recognized labor organizations. District of Columbia police and firemen were forbidden to join any union which would countenance strikes. Kansas officially recognized the right of collective bargaining. Nebraska, New York, and South Dakota made provision for the settling of labor disputes by arbitration. Texas passed a law heavily penalizing the impeding or interfering with the operations of common carriers. MINIMUM WAGE. The salaries of civilian employees of the United States and District of Columbia were increased by temporary bonus as last year. The salaries in New Jersey and Virginia were increased also. In Massachusetts and Nebraska provision was made for minimum wage laws to be enacted during the coming year. HOURS OF LABOR. Ohio, Kentucky, Nebraska, and New Jersey, enacted minor restrictions on employment hours, while New York and South Carolina lifted restrictions. Virginia reduced child employment from 10 to eight hours a day. Employment between nine P. M. and seven A. M. is forbidden. Provision was made by the United States, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia for annual vacations to government and state employees. EMPLOYMENT. Georgia passed a law requiring every private employment agency to procure a license from the department of commerce and give a $500 bond. Emigrant agents, seeking employees for work outside the state must give a $1000 bond. Employment agencies were established in Kansas, Massachusetts, and South Dakota. The appropriation for the Farm Labor and State Employment Bureau in New Jersey was raised to $30,000. The Federal appropriation was cut from $400,000 to $225,000. SAFETY AND HEALTH. Regulation of child lahor was made in Maryland, Massachusetts, and Virginia. Regulation of factories, workshops, and mercantile establishments was effected in Kentucky, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Rhode Island. Safety regulation of mines was effected in Kansas, Kentucky, and Ohio. Safety regulation of transportation was effected in New York, North Dakota, and Virginia. For further social insurance, see WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION. ADMINISTRATION. A woman's bureau was established in the Federal Department of Labor to investigate and report on matters pertaining to the welfare of women in industry. The bureau is also to formulate standards and policies to promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency and advance their opportunities for profitable employment. Appropriations were in creased in a number of the states, and salaries were increased at the same time. FOREIGN. Reports continue to come in show ing that foreign countries are passing labor legislation tending toward a universal eight-hour day for all employees in industries and mercantile concerns, Countries that had previously en acted eight-hour day legislation have been forced to modify their decrees to cover special cases, but in no case has the total number of hours of employment in three weeks been increased. In a number of cases the number of hours of overtime within a given period has been limited. In Austria notification to the industrial authority that overtime is going to be asked of certain employees, may be given, and permission for this may or may not be given by that authority. An Act of Feb. 12, 1919, amends the Act of Dec. 19, 1918, to make special regulations in certain industries. In Czecho-Slovakia an act dated Dec. 19, 1918, provides that: "In undertakings subject to the Industrial Code or carried on as factories, the actual hours of work of workers shall, in principle, not exceed eight hours within 24 hours, or 48 hours in the week." This is made to cover even persons employed in agriculture and forestry. Also "it shall not be lawful for the employer to give out work to workers employed in his undertaking to be done at home for the purpose of lengthening the hours of work." The act also provides for a break in the work, 15 minutes every five hours, or for employees under 18 years of age, every four hours, as a minimum. Further, "The worker must be allowed in every week an uninterrupted period of rest of at least 32 hours." Eight-hour decrees were issued in Luxemburg and Poland, similar to that of Czecho-Slovakia. In Poland the decree provides that employment on Saturday shall be only six hours. The decree also states that "this decree shall not entail any reduction in the wages of workers and employees." A royal decree was issued in Spain providing for an eighthour day and a 48-hour week. Reports come from a number of countries respecting eighthour day agreements between employers and employees which have proved just as effective as laws. The legislatures in these countries will doubtless pass laws to the same effect during the next few years. MISCELLANEOUS: Argentina. A number of detailed regulations covering workers who do not work in the usual factory manner were made by an act of Oct. 8, 1918. The Department of Labor was given authority to appoint wages boards in the communes for every trade in which homeworkers are employed, whenever requested in writing to do so by at least 50 workers in any branch or trade. These boards have complete authority. Austria. In the latter part of 1918, Austria established conciliation boards for the regulation of wages and work conditions. "A document to attest his capacity as an industrial worker, shall be provided by the communal authority at the request of a worker." Regulations governing work on Sunday and at night were made. Belgium. An act of Feb. 28, 1919, makes extensive restrictions for the employment of women and children in industry, including restrictions on night work. "Night work shall be prohibited for all women, irrespective of age," in most of the industries. Czecho-Slovakia. In the Eight-Hour Day Act of Dec. 19, 1918, regulations are made concerning night work, allowing only males over 16 years of age to be employed at night. One section reads as follows: "Male young workers up to 16 years of age, and female workers up to 18 years of age shall only be employed on light work which is not injurious to their health and does not check their physical development." The penalty for the violation of any provision of this act is made very severe. France. By act of March 28, 1918, regulation of night work was made, and on April 23, 1919, the eight-hour day was introduced. It contains provision for a partial holiday on Saturdays. This act was made to apply also to Algeria and to the French colonies. Great Britain. In July, 1918, the Workmen's Compensation Act was passed, and in August of the same year an extensive act to regulate education and child labor was passed. Spain. A royal decree prohibiting night work in bakeries and similar establishments during six consecutive hours was issued in April, 1919. Sweden. A Fisherman's Compensation Act was passed in June, 1918, providing insurance for the injured or his family. Switzerland. A resolution of March 14, 1919, makes many regulations in regard to unemploy ment. For instance, "when it is necessary to restrict the operations of an undertaking, the employer shall arrange for a general reduction of hours for employees, or a readjustment to their duties. Instead of dismissing them." and further, that, "when the customary hours in any undertaking are reduced by not more than 20 per cent, the employer shall continue to pay full salaries." Provision is made for compensation to the unemployed. LABOR LEGISLATION, AMERICAN AssoCIATION FOR. This is the American branch of the International Association for Labor Legislation. Mr. John B. Andrews is its secretary, with offices at 131 E. 23rd St., New York City. This organization collects data on labor legislation, conducts propaganda for the passage of desirable legislation, and issues a quarterly, The American Labor Legislation Review. LABRADOR. The peninsula in British North America between the Atlantic and Hudson Bay, within the province of Quebec, except for the small strip along the northeast coast which is a dependency of Newfoundland. See EXPLORATIONS and NEWFOUNDLAND. LABUAN. A small island off the northwest coast of Borneo, under the administration of Singapore in the Straits Settlements (q.v.). LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. An institution for the education of men at Easton, Pa., founded in 1826. There were 767 students enrolled for the fall session of 1920. The faculty numbered 58, including two additions. The endowment fund amounted to $1,248,198. The library contained 49,098 volumes. The Kirby Professorship in Civil Rights was established. A gift of $100,000 was received, and the endowment fund for $1,000,000 was completed successfully. A new gym. nasium is to be built for $400,000. President, John Henry MacCracken, Ph.D., LL.D. LAKEWOOD, OHIO. See CITY PLANNING LAMBS. See LIVE STOCK. LAMMASCH, HEINRICH. Former premier of Austria and international jurist, died at Salzburg, January 7. He was born in 1853; educated at the University of Vienna, where he became professor of international and criminal law. He was afterwards Conservative leader in the Austrian upper house. In 1903 he was one of the Venezuela arbitrators; in 1910 president of the board that decided the Newfoundland fisheries dispute; and in 1911, president of The Hague Tribunal, having been Austrian representative in the first Hague Peace Conference. He had a large part in framing the Austrian penal code. In October 1918 he formed the cabinet that assumed office on the eve of the collapse of the Empir Among his later writings may be mentioned: Grundriss des österreichischen Strafrechts (1899, 4th ed., 1911); Rechtskraft internationaler Schie dispruche (1913, a Nobel Institute publication), Schiedsgerichtbarkeit (1914). See articles LAM MASCH and WAR OF THE NATIONS in YEAR BOOK for 1918. LAMPE, JOSEPH JOACHIM. Professor of theology, died, April 21. He was born in Holstein Germany, May, 19, 1837; came to the United States in 1853; graduated at Knox College, Illinois in 1864 and studied at the Union Theological Seminary. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1867 and after doing pastoral work in New York City was professor of Hebrew and Old Testament literature from 1896 to 1917 in the Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Omaha, Neb. After 1917 he was professor emeritus. Pub LANDS, PUBLIC. According to the annual report of the Commissioner of the Land Office, the total area of public and Indian lands originally entered and allowed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920 was 16,437,491.55 acres not including 422,984.44 acres embraced in finals not previously counted as original disposition of land. The latter area was constituted as follows: lic auction, 174,499 acres; abandoned military reservations, 6,414.91 acres; cash and private sales, individual claimants and small holding claims, 219,498.19 acres; preëmption entries, 10,456.56 acres; soldiers' additional homesteads, 12,115.78 acres. The area of 16,437,491.55 acres is an increase of 4,566,310.05 acres, as compared with the area originally entered and allowed during the fiscal year 1919. Of the total area originally entered and allowed during the fiscal year, 8,103,844.81 acres were allowed under the stock-raising homestead act of Dec. 29, 1916. The area patented during the fiscal year was 11,850,401,337 acres, an increase of 1,073,399.988 acres, as compared with the fiscal year 1919. Of the above area 9,239,903.257 acres were patented under the homestead laws, an increase of 927,584.369 acres, not including as homesteads 11,666.546 acres patented as soldiers' additional entries. The total cash receipts from the sales of public lands, including fees and commissions ($1,587,060.79), sales of reclamation town sites ($124,147.26), sales of lands and timber in the Oregon and California railroad grant ($184,168.10), and ales of lands and timber in the Coos Bay wagon road grant ($80,811.30), for the fiscal year 1920 were $3,974,979.17. The total receipts from the sales of Indian iands were $2,063,186.06. Other receipts aggregated $93,611.18. The total receipts of this bureau during the fiscal year 1920 were $6,131.776.41. LANGELIER, CHARLES FRENCH. French Canadian jurist, died, February 2. He was born, Aug. 23, 1352, and was educated at Laval University, afterwards becoming one of its governors. He was admitted to the bar in 1875 and served as member of the Dominion parliament and as member of the Quebec legislature. After 1910 he was judge of the court of sessions, Quebec. He wrote: Souvenirs Politiques (2 vol., 187896); and The Criminal Procedure (1916). LANGUAGES, MODERN. See PHILOLOGY. LAOS LAOS. See FRENCH INDO-CHINA. LATVIA. A new republic in the neighborhood of the Baltic, formerly within the old Russian Empire, and comprising the former Russian province of Courland, together with the four southern districts of Livonia and the three western districts of Vitebsk. It claimed also strips of territory in the former provinces of Grodno and Pskov and in East Prussia. Total area, about 24,000 square miles; pop., Jan. 1, 1914, over 2,500,000, of whom about 78 per cent were Letts. The interests are mainly agriculture, but the forest resources are extensive. The chief exports have been flax and timber. The flax crop available for export in 1919-20 was estimated at about 10,000 tons-less than one-third of the pre-war average. Other statistics published in 1920 dated from before the war. The free state of Latvia was proclaimed at Riga, Nov. 18, 1918, and was recognized de facto by Great Britain, Japan and Italy, and several of the smaller states. The constitution was in process of formation during 1920, elections to the constituent assembly having been held April 17-18 on the basis of universal suffrage for both sexes. The provisional government consisted of a state council of 102 members. Prime minister in 1920, K. Ulmanis. A peace treaty was signed with Moscow August 11 and ratified by the Latvian Constituent Assembly, September 2. It provided for the return to Latvia of public property and property belonging to commercial and industrial concerns and of the means of transport; for the payment to Latvia by the Soviet government of 4,000,000 rubles in gold; and for the release of Latvia from the liabilities of the former Russian empire. At the close of the year, the boundaries of the country were still subject to final decision of the Allies or the League of Nations. Events of 1920 indicated that while the government was socialistic in tendency it continued to be steadily opposed to Bolshevism. Recognition of the de jure independence was still withheld during 1920 by the United States and France on the ground that Latvia had formed an integral part of the former Russian empire. At the close of the year France was considering recognition, but there was no sign of change in the policy of the United States in that respect as set forth in the note on the subject of American relations with Russia by Secretary Colby. See RUSSIA, Baltic Provinces; also WAR OF THE NATIONS. LASCELLES, Sir FRANK. British ambassador to Germany from 1895 to 1908, died in London, January 2. It was during his ambassadorship that the famous Kruger telegram was sent by the Kaiser. He was born March 23, 1841. He entered the diplomatic service in his youth and was secretary of legation at Berlin in 1867-8. He next served in Paris during the period of the siege and the Commune. In 1879 he was appointed consul-general to Bulgaria, in 1686 minister to Rumania, and in 1891, minister to Persia. In 1894-5 he was ambassador to St. Petersburg and in October, 1895 was transferred to Berlin. He interpreted the Kaiser's conduct at this time as due to natural capriciousness, rather than to any definite policy and he did not attach sufficient importance to the Kruger telegram. He was popular at the imperial court and is believed to have had considerable influence there. He was on familiar terms with the Kaiser, about whom he recounted a number of anecdotes which exhibit him as a man of changeable and impulsive character and much given to a rather boisterous humor. In general Lascelles' record was not that of a very active and far-seeing diplomat. LASH, ZEBULUN AITON. Canadian lawyer and financier, died, January 24. He was born at St. Johns, Newfoundland, Sept. 29, 1846, and was educated at the University of Toronto. He was called to the bar of Ontario in 1868 and practiced law in Toronto till 1876. He was president of the Great Northwestern Telegraph company, and an officer of other important railway and financial institutions in Canada. He wrote besides various pamphlets and articles on legal subjects a volume entitled Defense and Foreign Affairs. LAUCHHEIMER, CHARLES HENRY. Officer of the Marine Corps, died, January 15. He was born at Baltimore, Md., in September 1859; and graduated at the Naval academy in 1881. After 1883 he served in the United States Marine Corps and was promoted through the various grades to the rank of brigadier-general, Aug. 29, 1916. He was the author of Forms and Procedure for Naval Courts and Boards (1896-1902). LAUDER, CHARLES JAMES. British artist, died, April, 1920. He was the son of James Thompson Lauder, the portrait painter, and was educated at Glasgow. He pursued his art studies in various countries of Europe and exhibited frequently in London and Glasgow. For fifteen years he lived at Richmond on the Thames and executed many scenes in that neighborhood. He published: Picturesque London; Hampton Court; and Royal Richmond. LAW, EVANDER MCIVER. Confederate officer, died at Bartow, Fla., October 31. At the time of his death he was the ranking surviving officer of the Army of the Confederacy. He was born in 1836 and at the beginning of the Civil War was a professor in the King's Mountain Military Academy. He entered the war as lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Alabama Infantry and served till the war's close, attaining the rank of major-general. re LAWN TENNIS. See TENNIS. LEAD. The following information in gard to lead production in 1920 was supplied by the United States Geological Survey: The output of soft lead by mines of the Mississippi Valley and Eastern States was about 275,000 short tons, and that of argentiferous lead by mines of the Western States was about 236,000 tons, a total of 511,000 tons. The corresponding figures for 1919 are 237,000, 206,000, and 443,000 tons, and for 1918, 267,184, 314,470, and 581,654 tons. The total increase in 1920 was 68,000 tons, as compared with a decrease of 138,500 tons in 1919. largest production, 183,000 tons, as compared The southeastern Missouri district made the district of Idaho came next, with about 121,000 with 157,158 tons in 1919, and the Coeur d'Alene tons, as against 83,833 tons in 1919. Utah had an output of 67,000 tons, an increase from 61,915 tons in 1919. The imports of lead in ore were about 15,000 tons and in bullion about 49,000 tons, a total of 64,000 tons, as compared with 65,799 tons in 1919. Of the imports in 1920 Mexico furnished about 54,000 tons and Canada 4000 tons. The lead content of lead ore in bonded warehouses on November 30 was 16,187 tons and of base bullion 32,671 tons. Part of this may have been smelted or refined, but not shipped, and thus may be included in smelter stocks. The production of primary domestic desilverized lead in 1920 was about 215,000 short tons, of soft lead about 189,000 tons, and of desilverized soft lead about 70,000 tons, making a total output from domestic ores of about 474,000 tons of refined lead, compared with 424,433 tons in 1919, made up of 208,751 tons of desliverized lead, 147,744 tons of soft lead, and 67,938 tons of desilverized soft lead. The output of lead smelted and refined from foreign ore and bullion was about 64,000 tons, compared with 57,787 tons in 1919. The total lead smelted or refined in the United States was thus about 538,000 tons, compared with 482,220 tons in 1919 While the production of lead in the United States (estimated at 471,744 short tons) had decreased from 1916 when a record of 592,241 tons was made, yet in 1920 there was a slight increase in production over the previous year (454,921 short tons) and a continuation of the demand for the metal that developed early in 1919. As a result there was a continuance of the high prices at the end of 1919 into 1920, reaching a maximum of 9.371⁄2 cents a pound in New York in March and then after some recession going up to a second high price of 9 cents in August. But in this upward trend the London market was a dominant factor and when the decline began there it was followed in the United States, but it also permitted imports from Mexico and Europe to industrial conditions America. Naturally as grew less promising in the United States the demand slackened during the autumn and there was a rapid fall in price from 8.9 cents a pound on September 8 to 4.5 cents on December 5 The lead market was interesting in 1920 as it was truly a world market though to a degree speculative. England imported from Spain as in 1919, but considerably less from Australia than in 1920 an account of a strike. It is also of interest to realize that the American paint industry in 1920 was the largest consumer of pig lead, and after this came the manfactures of storage batteries and the manufactures of leadincased cables, these three industries probably requiring in 1920 a greater amount of lead than the domestic production of the United States. There was also a demand from manufacturers of sheet lead and pipe and also for shot, baring metals, solder, caulking metal, type metal, foil, etc. Of course considerable reclaimed lead was available commercially and it was estimated in 1920 that over 150,000 tons of secondary lead was made available for consumption. The production of lead in the United States as given in the Annual Review of the Engineering and Mining Journal is shown herewith: LEAGUE OF THE NATIONS. On December 31, the League of Nations had nearly completed its first year having come into official existence January 10. Only three nations to membership remained outside, entitled namely the United States, Costa Rica and Honduras. The first meeting was held in Paris, January 16 and was presided over by M. Bourgeois, the French representative. By the provisions of the Covenant it comprised as will be remembered the following elements: (1) an Assembly, which was to consist of at most three delegates from each member of the League each delegation to have but one vote; (2) the Council consisting of the permanent representatives of the four chief Allied Powers, namely, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan, and provisional representatives from four other Powers, namely, Belgium, Brazil, Greece and Spain; (3) the permanent secretariat to consist of a chief secretary with an assistant-secretary numerous staff. The last of these eland a ements, the secretariat, was the essential organ of administration. It was to arrange the order of business, determine the subjects to come before the Council and Assembly, correspond with members of the League, collect documents, keep the records, etc. Between January 16 and the beginning of December, the Council had met ten times and subsequent meetings were to be held every two months thereafter. Among the matters that engaged its attention were the administration of the basin of the Saar and the the Belgian questions of city of Danzig; Eupen and Malmedy; the question of mandates; and the racial minorities. More specifically it discussed the matter of the Aland Islands, the dispute between Lithuania and Poland, and the constitution of the permanent court of justice etc. In its administrative work it participated in the campaign against typhus in Poland, the the white slave traffic, and the suppression of repatriation of prisoners of war, the control of the opium trade. It organized an office of international hygiene, a permanent committee on Armaments, and a commission on communicacations and transit. In the financial field it organized the conference at Brussels where twenty-nine states were represented by eightysix delegates. At the recommendation of the president of the League, M. Leon Bourgeois, it was decided to create an advisory committee divided into two parts, one for economic questions and the other for financial, under the presidency of M. Gustave Ador, President of Switzerland Finally the most important event in the League's history was the meeting for the first time of its Assembly at Geneva on November 15. An account of the meetings, discussions, and results Antimonial Grand Totals. 613,377 a These figures include the lead derived from scrap and junk by primary smelters. See METALLURGY. |