the National Examining and Retiring Board, 1912-13 and again in 1915-16, when he was retired. He was called again into active service as superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory in April, 1917. From November, 1914 to September, 1915, he was Commander-inChief of the Pacific Fleet.

HOWELLS, WILLIAM DEAN. Leading American novelist, died in New York City, April 11, 1920. For many years preceding his death he was in the first rank of American writers and after the death of Henry James was generally considered the chief American novelist and frequently termed the "Dean of American Letters." He was born at Martin's Ferry, Ohio. March 1, 1837, of Welsh Quaker ancestry. His father was a country newspaper-man, working first as compositor on the local journals of the State and afterwards as correspondent and editor. Young Howells had no college education but grew up among books and in the atmosphere of journalism. He showed literary talent at an early age, and some of his youthful poems were published in the Atlantic Monthly. In 1860 he published along with John J. Piatt a book of poems called The Two Friends and in the same year wrote a Life of Lincoln. As a reward for the latter he was appointed consul to Venice where he remained from 1861 to 1865. From 1866 to 1881 he was engaged on the Atlantic Monthly, of which he was editor after 1872. Meanwhile he had published his Italian Journeys (1867), reminiscent of his experiences at Venice; Their Wedding Journey (1871), his first novel; A Chance Acquaintance (1872); A Foregone Conclusion (1875); A Counterfeit Presentment (1877); The Lady of the Aroostook (1879); The Undiscovered Country (1880); A Fearful Responsibility (1881); and Dr. Breen's Practice (1881). These works and many of his later ones show the effects of his life in Boston and New England. In 1886 he joined the staff of Harpers Magazine where he carried on the department known as the "Editor's Study." He left the House of Harper subsequently but returned in 1901 and conducted the department known as the "Editor's Easy-chair," from that time until his death. The list of his novels and other writings is too long to give here in full but the following may be mentioned: A Modern Instance (1882); A Woman's Reason (1883); Three Villages (1884); The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885); The Minister's Charge (1886); Indian Summer (1886); April Hopes (1888); Annie Kilburn (1889); A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890); The Coast of Bohemia (1893); Their Silver Wedding Journey (1899); The Kentons (1902); Son of Royal Langbrith (1904); Miss Bellard's Inspiration (1905); A Fantasy (1914). Besides the above novels he wrote a number of witty and entertaining farces including The Sleeping Car, The Elevator, The MouseTrap, and Out of the Question; many essays and criticisms, impressions of writers, reminiscences, and books of travel, including Modern Italian Poets (1887); Criticism and Fiction (1891); Impressions and Experiences (1896); Literary Friends and Acquaintances (1900); My Mark Twain: Reminiscences (1910); Tuscan Cities (1885); A Boy's Town (1890); London Films (1905); Familiar Spanish Travels (1913).

In A Traveler from Altruria (1894) he showed his growing tendency toward socialistic ideas and cast in the form of fiction a criticism of

modern society. His work as a literary and social critic though of a high class and admirable as regards the manner of presentation had not the same value as his novels, which for nearly two generations held the foremost place among American works of fiction. He was the leading realist in American letters, having from the first imbibed the spirit of the best French realists and the great Russians. An admirer of Balzac and the masters of French fiction since that day, he had little sympathy with the romantic writers and was profoundly hostile to the conventional romance of his own time, whose unreality and pretentiousness he delighted in satirizing. He was long an intimate of Henry James with whom he carried on an extensive correspondence containing letters of great interest some of which appeared in the volumes of James's Letters published in 1920. More than any other writer of his time he gave a minute and varied picture of American life, and like James, he served as an interpreter of American social conditions to Europe, and of the European point of view to America. Unlike James, however, he never felt the lack of sufficient literary incentive in his own country, despite James's frequent complaint that he was wasting his time in the portrayal of crude and elementary conditions when the whole rich and complex field of European life was open to him. Of all his novels the most popular seems to have been The Rise of Silas Lapham, but his admirers prefer a number of his more subtle and complex works in the later period, of which A Hazard of New Fortunes is a good example; The Kentons is also an admirable example of his mature work. No man in American letters was more beloved by fellow members of the craft. A singularly kindly spirit pervaded all he did and said and he was remarkable for his power of discerning promise in new writers. Indeed, he was blamed somewhat for going too far in his praises and encouraging young writers who had no other merit than an earnest desire to cultivate the same realistic field of fiction that Howells had taken for his own. When the National Institute of Arts and Letters was founded he was chosen one of the first seven members of the American Academy and became its president, which oflice he held to the time of his death.

HUGHES, MATTHEW SIMPSON. Bishop, died, April 4. He was born in Doddridge, Co., Va., Feb. 2, 1863; studied at the University of West Virginia and was ordained to the Methodist ministry in 1887. He held pastorates in Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, and California. He was professor of practical theology in the University of Southern California, 1908-1911, and he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1916. He wrote the Higher Ritualism (1906) and The Logic of Prohibition (1915).

HUNGARY. A republic in eastern Europe, formerly a kingdom which along with Austria, made up the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Capital, Budapest. The area of the old kingdom was 125,609 square miles and its population, Dec. 31, 1910, was 20,886,487. In 1920 the area and population were not definitely known because the boundaries of the new state had not been determined. Under the terms of the Treaty (see below under History and also WAR OF THE NATIONS), the new state would be about one-half the size of the old kingdom. Out of the former parts of Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia were absorbed in the new state of Jugo-Slavia, Slo

HUNGARY

vakia in Czecho-Slovakia and Transylvania in Rumania.

The republic was proclaimed Nov. 16, 1918 under the title of the Hungarian People's Republic and Count Michael Karolyi was appointed provisional president. His government fell from power March 12, 1919 and was succeeded by a Soviet government which declared the dictatorship of the proletariat. Opposition to it arose and soon succeeded only with the assistance of the Rumanian army in overthrowing it. On Aug. 7, 1919, a new government was organized, representing the parties of the Right, and elections were held in January and February, 1920. The new parliament chose a regent styled "Protector" of the Magyar Republic.' Regent in 1920, elected March 1, Admiral Nicholas von Horthy; Prime Minister (appointed March 14) Dr. Alex. Simonyi-Semadam. The official style of the ministry was "Royal Hungarian Ministry," the cabinet having voted, March 23, that Hungary should be described as a monarchy.

ELECTIONS. The elections of January 25th gave a large majority to the parties of the Right. The distribution of seats according to the party groups was as follows: Small Land Owners, 71; and Christian National Union, 68, both these groups belonging to the Right; National Democrats, 6; Christian Socialists, 5; Christian Social Economic party, 4; United Christian National Small Land Owners, 3; Christian Small Land Owners, 4; miscellaneous, 3. The assembly began its session February 16 and elected M. Rakovsky as its presiding officer. At the begin ning of March the election of Admiral Nicholas Horthy as vice-gerent by the National Assembly was announced. This was followed by the resignation of the Huszar Ministry, March 10. A new ministry was appointed under a Christian Nationalist, M. Simonyi-Semadam, a friend of the former prime minister. The programme as announced by the new ministry included among its features various measures of agrarian, economic, and financial reform.

THE REACTION. Reactionary movements were reported from time to time during the year especially those due to the activity of the socalled "Society of Awakening Hungarians" and of army officers. The land question offered much difficulty on account of the opposition of the aristocratic landed proprietors. Demonstrations against the Jews occurred at intervals through the year. Discontent showed itself in Parliament and on June 10th led to the overthrow in turn of the ministry that had been established in February.

The government of Hungary was repeatedly referred to in the Liberal press as the most reactionary in Europe. It met with sharp attacks from the Socialists on all sides and at one time this element in Hungary itself and in Austria attempted a boycott of the existing régime. The government was believed to be hostile to the neighboring states. The fear of this hostility was attributed to the so-called Little Entente concluded by Rumania, Jugo-Slavia and Czecho-Slovakia, which states were thought to apprehend an attempt on the part of the Hungarian government to recover territory ceded to them under the treaties. Charges were repeatedly made against the so-called "White" government in Hungary under Admiral Horthy. It was alleged

in the autumn that a former officer of the AustroHungarian army had as a spy succeeded in pene

trating the army and had acquired a mass of evidence against the "White" leaders, proving that there had been a plot against the former prime minister, Friedrich, and that a robbery upon an enormous scale had been committed by the reactionaries. At this time there was an outbreak of the anti-semitic society known as the Society of Awakening Hungarians at their convention at Budapest, September 15, urging_the immediate necessity of expelling all the Jews from state, military, academic and journalistic positions. Some demanded the expulsion of all Jews from Hungary. The society agitated for the overthrow of the government but its plans were discovered and measures taken for its dis

solution. There were many anti-semitic outbreaks at Budapest and hundreds of casualties were reported. The police force threatened to strike unless the government took measures against the terrorists.

SENTENCE OF THE COMMUNISTS. The trial of the ten people's commissaries under Bela Kun concluded on December 28, after sitting nearly six months, with a judgment finding all guilty of sedition and murder and the sentence of four to death and the rest to imprisonment for life. Protests against the severity of the sentence were offered by leading liberals and moderates in many countries. The Soviet government informed the Hungarian government that it would treat a number of prominent Hungarian officials in Russia, including Counts Karolyi and Szechenyi, in exactly the same manner as the Communist commissaries were treated by the Hungarians.

MURDERERS OF COUNT TISZA. The murderers of Count Tisza had been on trial before a military court which rendered its decision in October. It condemned to death two of the accused and sentenced a third to fifteen years imprisonment. It was announced that proceedings would be taken against those who had instigated the crime.

FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES. In October the finance minister submitted the budget for 1920-21 to the National Assembly which was as follows: ordinary revenue, 8,809,000,000 kronen; extraordinary revenue, 1,744,000,000 kronen; ordinary expenditures, 8,434,000,000 kronen; extraordinary, 10,773,000,000 kronen. In addition to this was an item of expense under the title of "investments," amounting to 1,300,000,000 kronen. Thus a deficit existed of 10,000,000,000. The condition was regarded as one of virtual bankruptcy.

THE HUNGARIAN TREATY. The ratification of the treaty at Budapest occurred on November 23. At a preliminary conference the session for the signature was termed the "session for the burial of old Hungary" and it was resolved that a protest against a dictated peace should be sent to all the Powers. Meanwhile the government had received a note from the Council of Ambassadors, saying that certain measures had been taken to insure in neighboring countries the protection of Magyar minorities and promising that the allied commission would begin the work of delimiting the Hungarian frontiers as soon as peace was ratified. See WAR OF THE NATIONS.

WEST HUNGARY. This division of Hungary was ceded by the treaty with Austria to Austria, but the Hungarians did not accept the decision. A strong feeling of nationality prevailed in the region and toward the close of the year a movement gathered force for holding the region. Troops were concentrated in the vicinity, accord