for the year.

This interest was chiefly concerned with the oil supplies of the world and in particular with those supplies available for the United States. A large part of the interest was undoubtedly inspired by the statements of George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geoological Survey, who repeatedly placed before the public the precarious situation in respect to future supplies of oil. He emphasized the fact that upon the geologist depends the discovery of new supplies necessary to maintain production at its present rate. To meet the needs of the increasing demand for petroleum products, new fields must be discovered. Sources for such an increased supply were not considered as likely to be found within the United States as in foreign lands. Hence the most enterprising oil companies were investigating foreign fields, notably those around the Caribbean coast and in Peru, in South America, and the Mesopotamian, Persian, and Baluchistan regions. The political situations in these latter regions and in particular the endeavors of Great Britain to obtain exclusive control of them led to diplomatic correspondence between the United States and Great Britain which, among other things, stimulated the public interest in this branch of geology.

A very apparent though not wholly desirable reaction produced by the enhanced appreciation of the value of the geologists' services was the large number of resignations of geologists of the United States and other geological surveys. These men left the survey to take positions as oil geologists at greatly enhanced salaries. The survey was not alone in its experience but shared its loss with the college and universities, many of whose teachers of geology turned from the academic to the commercial world because of the enormous discrepancy between the salaries offered to men of like ability in the different spheres. This diversion of scientists to commercial work was undoubtedly immediately beneficial to the industry that employed them, but it created a very serious dearth in the supply of teachers. Even the future supply was threatened. This dearth should not be charged against the industries but against the public, which tacitly admitted, as measured by the relative salaries, that the man who can teach others to do important things is performing a less valuable service, though usually more arduous and exacting, than the one who serves private interests. In the past the discrepancy in favor of the commercial income was not so great as to counteract the attractions of academic life and opportunity to engage in research and publish the results of one's labors. The new public interest, coupled with the pressing demand of business, increased the number of students turning toward geology, thus overburdening the already reduced teaching forces. Nearly all, however, looked to the commercial or economic side and the natural source of supply for able teachers and research men was not kept up in the past year. Many excellent university positions for young men were either not filled at all or were temporarily filled by mediocre men.

The year was marked by the publication of a few important books. Perhaps the most important of these was Grabau's Principles of Salt Deposition. This is now the most exhaustive treatise on the origin and distribution of saline deposits and related substances. The vast importance of salt occurrences was brought home

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY

to the general public by the straits in which the world found itself owing to the German control of potash during the war. The book therefore was very timely besides being comprehensive and thorough.

Another book of unusual interest was Political and Commercial Geology and the World's Mineral Resources, edited by J. E. Spurr. This book gives a précis of the geographic distribution and the commercial and political control of the world's mineral resources. The fortunate position of the British Empire in respect to the control of the supply of certain key minerals such as tin. gold, asbestos, and nickel is well brought out, as well as the unique position of Germany in regard to potash. In most respects the situation of the United States is shown to be commanding. She is well supplied with vast resources of the useful metals such as iron and copper and has the greatest reserves of coal. The book is a most admirable reference as to the political control of the world's mineral resources and supplies the public with another outlook on the territorial disputes that had arisen at the conclusion of the world war.

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Two text books on physical and dynamic geology appeared. The first was the second edition of Part I of Pirsson and Schuchert's Text Book of Geology. While maintaining all its virtues of concise and lucid statement, which made it so desirable a medium for the instruction of the elementary student, much new material added and the errors that disfigured the original edition were eliminated. The revision appeared posthumously, Professor Pirsson having died Dec. 8, 1919, leaving American geology impoverished by the loss of a very eminent petrographer and a highly successful teacher. The other textbook was Grabau's Text Book of Geology, Part I, "General Geology," which came out in December. A more exhaustive treatment than Pirsson's removes this book from the class of elementary textbooks and places it among such as Geikie's textbook and of Haug's and de Lannay's treatises on geology. In periodical literature mention must be made of Barrell's posthumous memoir on the "Piedmont Terraces of the Northern Appalachians" (A.J.S., April-June 1920), in which Barrell supports the thesis that the terraces were produced by marine planation and are not fluvial peneplains. Aside from the great interest in the problem as a study in regional physiography, the memoir was of extreme importance for its discussion of the principles involved in the interpretation and the competence of the forces postulated, as presented by one of the most profound and brilliant of modern geologists.

In the Journal of Geology there continued to appear T. C. Chamberlin's articles on “Diastrophism and the Formative Process." These papers were an elaboration of the planetesimal hypothesis. The articles are of world-wide interest because they treat of the most profound principles and are written by the best-known and ablest of the present-day philosophical geologists. Among other misfortunes American Geology has to record the loss of J. P. Iddings, her most illustrious petrographer, a pioneer and one of the foremost of the authorities on igneous rocks in the world.

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY. A Roman Catholic institution of the higher learning at Washington, D. C., founded in 1789. For the fall session of 1920 there were 2143 students en

GEORGIA REPUBLIC

means of steel points attached to a crooked bough or log and drawn by sometimes as many as 10 teams of oxen, and this primitive method persists in spite of the excellent modern examples furnished them by the various German and Swiss colonists scattered throughout the agricultural districts. Agricultural efficiency is further retarded by the post-revolution land distribution, which took place in practically all parts of the country. In many districts the peasants themselves took over the lands from the great landholders without supervision and divided them, in others government officials supervised the allotments. The maximum of land allowable for any one family is 7 dessiatines (about 17 acres). Some of the more highly cultivated estates have been kept intact; the government has confiscated them, and they are rented out, sometimes to their former owners. The year 1919 was very unfavorable to crops. The spring was late and the summer characterized by incessant rains, which changed toward autumn into devastating hailstorms, that destroyed the crops in several districts. The total crop of grains of all kinds, principally oats, barley, maize, and millet, in the Tiflis government for 1919 amounted to 7,154, 863 poods (1 pood approximately 36 pounds). The needs estimated by the statistics committee of the ministry of agriculture were as follows: For seed, 2,182,747 poods; for feeding the population, at the rate of 15 poods per head, 16,583,610 poods; for feeding live stock, at an average of 7 poods per head, 402,080 poods. For 1920 the estimates of the food supply of Georgia showed a deficit of 12,086,626 poods of grain foods in the Tiflis government alone. Figures for the government of Kutais, next in importance after the Tiflis government, showed a total production of 5,620,185 poods, with estimated needs of 15.252,946 poods, indicating a general deficit in th is district of 9,632,715 poods.

=

COMMERCE. In the total trade of Georgia with Azerbaijan in 1919, imports were valued at 297,305,266 rubles, and exports at 180,770,530 rubles; with Armenia and the neutral zone, imports were 32,177,003, and exports 87,683,080 rubles; with Russia, imports were 137,889,223 rubles, and exports 29,394,361 rubles; with Batum and Western countries, imports were 395,665,364 rubles, and exports 96,129,265 rubles.

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COMMUNICATIONS. The railway system in 1919 covered about 970 miles, of which 556 were on the main line from Batum via Tiflis to Baku. The Transcaucasian Railway before the Russian revolution was a single system comprising a direct line from Batum, on the Black Sea, to Baku, the port of the Caspian Sea, and a branch extending from Tiflis southward through Alexandropol to Kars and Erivan, but it later split up among the three Caucasian states. At the time of the dissolution of the Transcaucasian cabinet each new government seized such rolling stock and railway materials as within its borders and claimed them for its own. During 1919 the British controlled the short stretch of the railway from Batum to Notanebi, where the Georgian customs took over control. From this point to the little station of Poili, where the main line crosses the Kura River, and on the southern branch from Tiflis to Sinaeen, Georgia operated the railway. Azerbaijan controlled the main line from Poili to Baku, and Armenia the remainder of the southern branch. The larger part of the rolling stock happened to

were

be in Georgia, where the Russians had also built the main repair shop, in Titlis. Azerbaijan owned all the crude petroleum used as fuel for the locomotives, but very few locomotives, and most of those were badly in need of repairs. Armenia, without either fuel or repair shops, fell into possession of but four locomotives and a small number of cars. Batum, at the end of the great pipe line from the oil fields of Baku, is of vital importance to international shipping. Several lines of steamers opened a regular service to Batum in 1919, the principal ones being the Paquet Line from Marseilles, the Cunard Line from British ports, the Italian Lloyd Trentino, and the Green Star Line from New York. The chief ports are Batum and Poti, the former being the terminus of the Transcaucasian Railway and of the oil pipe line from Baku.

GOVERNMENT AND HISTORY. The independent government of Georgia dates from the Bolshevist revolution. The Georgians formed along with the Armenians and the inhabitants of Azerbaijan the federal republic of Transcaucasia of which Tiflis in Georgia became the capital. The Diet of Transcaucasia declared this union an independent federal state, April 22, 1918. The constituent parts, however, soon split off (see ARMENIA and AZERBAIJAN), and Georgia declared its independence at Tiflis, May 26, 1918, which act was ratified by the constituent assembly, March 12, 1919. The new government was recognized by the Allied Powers, Jan. 16, 1920. The executive power was vested in a cabinet of ministers, chosen from the constituent assembly, under a president who acted provisionally as the supreme head of the state. The constituent assembly in 1920 was working out the organic law. In the provisional government, the ministers were responsible to the Assembly and the Senate was nominated by it. All the officers of the state were under the control of the Senate. The dominating political party in the constituent assembly was Social Democratic. The president of the cabinet at the end of 1920 was M. Jordania.

The note of the American Secretary of State addressed to the Italian ambassador in regard to the United States foreign policy gave offense to the authorities of Georgia by its reference to the republic as a "so-called state" and as the "illegitimate child" of Great Britain. The Georgian Minister of Foreign Affairs protested against these terms and emphasized the fight that his country had made against Bolshevism. He pointed also to the democratic principles on which the government rested. He declared that the independence of the country would be maintained and that it would remain neutral against the Soviet government, or any other agrression. At this time (September 10th) a British labor delegation was investigating conditions in Georgia.

GEORGIA, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution of the higher education, at Athens, Ga., founded in 1801. There were 1031 students enrolled in the summer session of 1920 and in the regular fall session there were 1132. The members of the faculty numbered 70. The income for the year amounted to $375,000. The library contained 42,500 volumes. President, David C: Barrow, LL.D.

GEORGIA SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY. A State institution of the higher education, at Atlanta, Ga., founded in 1888. There were 2224 students enrolled for the fall session of 1920, including 209 night school students, 240 in the

special courses for rehabilitation. The faculty numbered 100. The income for the year amounted to $240,000. There were 15,000 volumes in the library. A new power station and engineering laboratory were added to the school plant, and an addition was made to the mechanical engineering building. President, K. G. Matheson, LL.D.

GERMAN COLONIES. The over-sea dominions of Germany were attacked by the Allies at the beginning of the war, and before the war was ended the conquest was complete. They consisted in Africa of the colonies of German East Africa (q.v.), Kamerun, Togo, and German Southwest Africa; in the Pacific of New Guinea with the Bismarck Archipelago, the German Solomon, Caroline, Marianne, Pelew, etc., islands (see GERMAN NEW GUINEA), and German Samoa (q.v.); and in the Far East, Kiaochow (q.v.). Total area, 1,140,117 square miles; total population, 13,258,000. Their destination was determined by the Treaty of Versailles. For the discussion of which the subject gave rise, see the article WAR OF THE NATIONS.

GERMAN COLONIES IN AFRICA. On October 1st, the German territories of Kamerun and Togo were officially turned over to France. The larger part of the territories had already been occupied by the French, but a small portion was still held by the English under the terms of the agreement between France and England of July 10, 1919. The present situation is based on articles 22 to 119 of the Treaty which obliged Germany to give up her colonies and at the same time formulated the rules for their government. According to the decision of the Supreme Council May 7, 1919, the mandates for the German colonies were distributed between the two Allies, and the Franco-British agreement of July 10, 1919, completed the details. It was not clear whether the French now held Kamerun and Togo by virtue of a mandate or as sovereign. From the moment that France had resolved to apply the principles of the League of Nations she appeared to be bound by the duty of the mandate provisions. A new administrative organization was at once begun in the two colonies. Kamerun was provided with a separate budget consisting of two parts: First, the general budget, and second, the railway budget. Courts of the first instance were created for the two colonies by decree and a council of administration framed on the model of those which functioned in French West Africa was established providing for representation of the natives. In both colonies postal systems were set up. The customs system established in French Equatorial Africa in 1912, was applied to the Kamerun. This was based on the principle of commercial equality. As to the payment for German property it was decided to sell it at open auction to foreigners as well as French men while reserving the rights of the state in matters pertaining to the public domain.

GERMAN EAST AFRICA. Before the war a German protectorate; now for the most part under British administration and known as the TANGANYIKA TERRITORY; lying to the south of British East Africa and extending from Lakes Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika, and Nyasa to the Indian Ocean; with a coast line of about 620 miles. Area, estimated at 384,180 square miles; population estimated, Jan. 1, 1913, 7,659,898, of whom the whites were placed at 5366. In regard To education and production no later figures were

available than those given in preceding YEAR BOOK. Exports, 1918-19, £700,000, and imports, £1,008,000. The chief exports were cotton, sisal, hides, and copra, and the chief imports, cotton piece goods, etc., rice, food-stuffs, sugar, and tobacco. British troops completed the conquest in 1918 and the status of the colony was subject to the Treaty of Versailles. As the conquest proceeded a civil administration was established and it was completed at the beginning of 1919 when the invading troops were withdrawn. According to the decision of the Supreme Council made public in March, German East Africa was divided between Great Britain and Belgium; the former receiving 366,000 square miles out of the total area of 384,000 square miles; while Belgium received the two northwestern provinces of Ruanda and Urundi. Kamerun and Togoland were divided between Great Britain and France as mandataries. The British portion was termed officially the Tanganyika Territory with headquarters at Dar-es-Salaam. The Belgian portion administered under the Royal Commissary of the Belgian government with headquarters at Kigoma comprised the provinces bordering on Lake Tanganyika. The area of the Belgian portion is estimated at about 19,000 square miles. British civil administrator at the beginning of 1920 was Sir H. A. Byatt. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SYNOD OF NORTH AMERICA. See EVANGELICAL SYNOD OF NORTH AMERICA.

The

GERMAN LITERATURE. The precarious economic condition of Germany and Austria has so far not materially affected their literary production. Especially striking has been the activity of the German stage during the past year. With astonishing frequency premières have taken place in almost every large theatre. The output of fiction has been as large as ever; that of verse has apparently suffered no diminution, and even new editions of standard authors have been quite numerous. The only outward sign that the German book market has not regained its pre-war status is the poor quality of the paper on which the new books are printed.

The general attitude of the year's literature also barely differs from that of its predecessors. Echoes of the war linger in many publications of that "explanatory" nature to which the world has become accustomed since the fatal year 1914. Even some of the academic signers of the famous manifesto of 1914 have still something to say in defense of their country's ruthless aggressiveness. Others are inquiring into the possibilities of a socialistic organization of society. Again others in gloomy despondence see nothing but ruin and wreckage ahead and limn realistic pictures of a return to primitive barbarism. Only a few voices tentatively strike a note which suggests the timid dawn of a spiritual renascence.

DRAMA. In spite of the great activity of the theatres and the surprising number of new plays that were staged during the past season, not one proved a success making it a landmark either in the author's development or in the evolution of the German drama. Yet the greatest names in the history of contemporary German drama were represented among the many premières. Gerhart Hauptmann, who has recently become deeply interested in Mexico old and new, has written a play, Der weisse Heiland, which he very properly calls a dramatic fantasy; for the welding of the Christ story with that of Montezuma can

hardly be considered anything but an interesting experiment. As such. it was regarded by the audience which attended the first performance in Berlin, and which by this time is accustomed to see the poet grope for the realization of some dream, which defies being firmly molded in the solid form of the drama. His Hirtenlied was also presented this season, preceding the perform ance of Hölderlin's Empedokles, which was given on the 150th anniversary of the poet. Another dramatic work by Gerhart Hauptmann, the title of which sounds exotic enough, Indipohdi, was published in the Neue Rundschau. His brother Carl, who is given to elusive fancies even more han Gerhart, and also deliberately ignores what is considered indispensable in dramatic construction, had two new works performed: Gaukler, Tod und Juwelier, a five act drama, and Der abtrünnige Zar, a "legend" in six parts. Neither of the works had a decided success. Georg Kaiser achieved the distinction of being the first German dramatist to have a play performed in England since the war; the London Stage Society gave Von Morgen bis Mitternacht. Heinrich Mann, the novelist who has won the esteem of all right-minded people by his open disapproval of his country's attitude in the war figures in the theatrical annals of the year as the author of a three-act drama Der Weg zur Macht. Heinrich Lilienfein, who some years ago made a very successful début as a dramatist, but has met with failures since, was unable to imbue his fiveact play Die Uberlebenden with real vitality. Wilhelm Schmidtbonn's Der Geschlagene, Walter Hasenclever's Die Entscheidung, Karl Riebesoll's Leidenschaft, Oscar Bendiner's Der Renegat, Karl Sloboda's Die Pharisae, Paul Wertheimer's Die Frau Rat, in which Goethe's mother figures, Robert Prechtl's Alkestis which presents the classical problem in modern garb, Reinh. Zenz's Lob der Narrheit, a marionette play, Kurt Eisner's Die Gottesprüfung, a political farce, Alfred Brust's Der ewige Mensch, which strikes the Christ-motive, and Karl Neurath's Der Bundschuh, a five-act tragedy which derives its title from a German peasant uprising, had each little more than a succès d'estime. Two successful comedies were Heinrich Lautensack's Die Pfarrhausköchin, and Hermann Barsdorf's Kramer Kray, and Am Glockenturm by the Alsatian Réné Schickelé was credited with being written around an original idea. The purely historical drama was represented by Hermann von Bötticher's Friedrich der Grosse, the fairy drama by K. von Felner's Roland's Knappen. Hans J. Rehfisch created some discussion with his three act tragedy Das Paradies, in which he has five survivors of the general débâcle of civilization following upon the war take up their abode in some mountain solitude and attempt to realize an Utopia, the experiment being financed by one of the memhers, an American, whose optimism nothing can shake. Another play that caused some talk was Fritz von Unruh's Platz, the second of his trilogy of the times begun in Das Geschlecht, and to be finished in Der Taumel. Of poetical dramas Godiva by Hans Franck was most highly spoken of by the critics, among them Stefan Zweig.

FICTION. The productivity of some German writers in spite of the distressing conditions that are said to prevail in the country is amazing. Carl Hauptmann has published two books of fiction within the year: Der Mörder and Die lilienweisse Stute, the latter called a "legend";

GERMAN LITERATURE

his name figures also upon the title-page of a cleverly illustrated short story with American background: Das Kostümgenie. Heinrich Mann, too, has a novel to his credit, besides the play mentioned above; it is entitled Die Ehrgeizige. Hermann Hesse, who has for some years been living in Switzerland, has sent out two volumes: short stories under the title Klein Garten and Demian, Geschichte von Emil Sinclairs Jugend, a novel. Felix Philippi seems to have abandoned drama, his latest work being another story: Monica Vogelsang. The Swiss novelist Ernst Zahn has published a volume of short stories called Helden des Alltags. Carl Sternheim's new novel bears the suggestive title Europa I/II. In his book of short stories, Der Wendepunkt, Jacob Wassermann announces that a new form of narrative is about to evolve, more in harmony with the change in the spirit of the time. Clara Viebig, whose popularity makes her alarmingly prolific, figures in the year's fiction with the short stories entitled Westund Ost and the novel Das rote Meer. Alfons Petzold, the Viennese poet, has sent out the novel Das rauhe Leben, the title of which suggests that he is still concerned with the grim tragedies of poverty. The poet-philosopher Bruno Wille has once more made an excursion into fiction in the volume entitled Der Glasberg, Roman einer Jugend. Johannes Schlaf, once the fellow-founder with Arno Holz of "naturalism" in German drama and fiction, but long since working along individual lines, has after some years of silence published a story called Miele. Ludwig Thoma's Bavarian story Der Jägerloisl, August Sperl's Der Archivar, Rudolf Hans Bartsch's Ewiges Arkadien, Rudolf Stratz's glacier story Der weisse Tod, Fedor von Zobeltitz's story of aristocracy during the revolutionary year, Die von Schebitz, Alice Berend's book of middle-class Berlin, Spreeman & Co., Karl Hans Strobl's Attentäter, Wilhelm Scharrelmann's Selige Armut, Rudolf Greinz's volume of legends Die Pforten der Ewigkeit, Raoul Auernheimer's short stories Das ältere Wien, Carl Busse's new book, Fläumchen, and Woldemar Bonsels's Indienfahrt, called a German Junglebook, have elements of popularity, though not of long lasting vitality. Johann Gilhoff's novel Jürnjakob Swehn, der Amerikafahrer is the typical story of a German-American immigrant, who on having acquired money and a home of his own, still does not feel an American, but considers himself bound to the fatherland. tice Day gives the title to Bernhard Kellermann's story Der 9te November, and Ararat by Arnold Ullitz is a weird story of the lapse into barbarism, which the war and Bolshevism have brought to his German hero and Russian heroine.

Armis

POETRY. While there are many volumes of verse by hitherto unknown authors on record, few of the older poets have produced new works. After many years of silence, Hugo Salus, practising physician in Prague, has given us the little volume entitled Das neue Buch. Hans Heinrich Ehrler's Gedichte is in the vein of his earlier work. Will Vesper's Mutter und Kind is a book full of tender feeling. Franz Werfel, who made his début shortly before the war as one of the strongest individualities among the younger poets, has attempted an ambitious task in the volume entitled Der Gerichtshof. Marie Madeleine, whose sensational success as a writer of erotic verse is still remembered, has after some years of silence sent out a new volume, Taumel,