tained 12,000 volumes. Five hundred thousand dollars was offered by the General Education Board, conditioned upon raising $2,000,000, half of which was to go into endowment. President, Fayette Avery McKenzie, Ph.D., LL.D.

FITZMAURICE, E. See ROMAN CATHOLICS. FITZPATRICK, SIR DENNIS. British civil servant, died in London, May 20. He was born in 1837, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and entered the Indian Civil Service in 1858. He distinguished himself as a magistrate in Delhi and was then appointed to prepare the government's case in a famous suit brought by the heirs of an Indian prince in connection with the confiscation of estates after the Mutiny. He was secretary of the Home Department in 1885 and was chief commissioner to Assam in 1887. Later as president of Hyderabad he showed remarkable skill in a famous diamond case. In 1897 he became a member of the Council of India in Eng, land from which office he retired in 1907.

FLAX. The flaxseed production in many of the world's principal flax producing countries in 1920 showed a marked recovery from the depression incident to the war. Provisional data published by the International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, show that a group of countries representing about 45 per cent of the world's production reported an increase of 30.5 per cent in acreage and 61.8 per cent in yield over the preceding year. In British India the 1920 production reached 17,320,000 bushels which was 84.3 per cent above the crop of 1919 and 94 per cent of the five year average. The 1919-20 crop of Argentina was heavy, amounting to 30,775,000 bushels and furnishing from 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 bushels for export. The area of the 1920-21 crop was reported at 3,484,000 acres, or 38,000 acres less than was grown the preceding year. The Canadian yield of 1920 was placed at 10,756,000 bushels or nearly double that of 1919.

In the United States, as estimated by the Department of Agriculture, the production reached 10,990,000 bushels as against 7,661,000 bushels in 1919. The area devoted to the crop was given as 1,785,000 acres or 213,000 acres above that of the year before. The average farm value of flaxseed Dec. 1, 1920, was $1.766, while the corresponding price the year before was $4.383 per bushel.. On this basis the total value of the crop declined from $33,581,000 in 1919 to $19,413,000 in 1920. The acreage of flax for fibre was reported at 6000 acres or 20 per cent greater than the preceding year. The principal flax fibre regions this year were located in Wisconsin, Eastern Michigan, the Willamette Valley of Oregon, and Northern Minnesota.

FLOOD PROTECTION. Progress was made in earnest on a number of the great flood protection projects under way in the United States, and what was to be expected, though none the less gratifying, under flood conditions several recently completed or not altogether finished projects functioned most satisfactorily. While there was high water in the United States notably in the Mississippi, yet there were no serious floods with general loss of property and life. However plans went forward to secure future protection and some of the more important projects are noted below.

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. The spring flood in the Mississippi River in 1920 was in many respects notable but fortunately it was not attended by general destruction and loss of life. Above St.

Louis the flood was the most severe at Dubuque, Iowa, since 1888 and at Davenport since 1892. It originated in the melting of snow in Minnesota and Wisconsin during 'the last half of March, and this flood had not passed below La Crosse, Wis., when it was greatly increased in flow by a rainstorm passing over the watershed. The flood was most severe in the stretch of the river between Illinois and Iowa. Levees on both sides of the river near Muscatine, Iowa, gave way and about 85,000 acres of rich agricultural lands were overflowed, with an estimated loss in prospective crops of $3,500,000, but without loss of life.

An encouraging sign of the times in connection with flood protection work generally and especially on the Lower Mississippi was that here the spring flood of 1920, the second great flood in recent years, was confined between the levees, the only break, a small one, being on April 17th about 75 miles below New Orleans, which was soon repaired. The crest stages of the 1920 flood fell about two feet short of the 1916 flood but the duration of the high water was considerably longer and there was made a new record for that portion of the river between Greenville, Miss., and the Passes. According to the analysis of this flood by A. S. Henry of the United States Weather Bureau (Engineering News-Record, vol. 85, p. 71, July 8, 1920) its magnitude and duration were in some measure due to the weather conditions six months earlier. "The heavy rains in October and November, 1919, caused a rapid rise in the streams of the lower Mississippi drainage and this rise was further augmented by the rains of December of that year. As a result the mean stage of the Mississippi at Memphis for December, 1919, exceeded the previous mean high water record by 8.1 feet; at Vicksburg the river on Dec. 31, 1919, stood within 2 feet of the flood stage, and although it fell after that date the fall was arrested before a stage of 25 feet was reached.

"Beginning on Jan. 13, 1920, a series of three separate flood flows mainly from the Ohio passed

down the river the second of which crested at

The

Vicksburg on April 20 at a stage of 50.8 feet, 3.1 feet short of the highest stage of record. river was continuously above flood stage at Vicksburg from April 4 to June 13, or 71 days. At New Orleans the river was continuously above flood stage from April 15 to June 22, or 69 days, and the crest stage fell short of the previous high water by only 1.6 feet."

To deal with such flood protection work in the form of levee construction progressed actively and during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1920, a total of 12,537,564 cubic yards of material were placed in the levees below Rock Island, on the Mississippi River. That amount brought the total amount of material in those levees, placed under the direction of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, to 361,691,350 cubic yards. On June 30 the work contemplated under the standard fixed by the Corps of Engineers, was 76 per cent complete. These levees protect 27,116 square miles of land.

It was the opinion expressed by the army engineers that considerable additional levee work must be provided for in the near future. Development in the State of Louisiana had reached a point where the Atchafalaya River either must be supplied with levees from the Mississippi to the Gulf, a large undertaking, or be divorced from

FLOOD PROTECTION

the Mississippi River, in which case the whole levee line on the Mississsippi, from the Atchafalaya to the Gulf, would have to be materially reenforced, and the increased amount of silt brought down and other developments would add to the engineering problem at the Passes, through which the Mississippi finds its way to the Gulf.

.

MIAMI CONSERVANCY DISTRICT. In 1920 work advanced actively on the vast flood protection work comprised in this project and the volume of work performed up to Sept. 1, 1920, is summarized in the accompanying table of progress by the Department of Engineering. The relocation of the railways referred to under FLOOD PROTECTION in the YEAR BOOK for 1919 had been practically completed. The local protection work at Middletown, with the exception of a flood gate and some concrete revetment, were also completed, while the rivers at Germantown, Englewood, Lockington, and Huffman had been diverted through the outlet works, and the dams had been built across the old river beds. Progress was made on the local protection work at Dayton and Hamilton. The Germantown dam was completed, and Lockington dam was being finished. These structures are referred to elsewhere in the YEAR BOOK under DAMS. The total expenditures to June 30, 1920, were $24,035,823 of which $14,783,408 were for engineering and construction. VOLUME OF WORK PERFORMED AS OF SEPT. 1, 1920

BY THE MIAMI CONSERVANCY DISTRICT

Flood-control works proper

Earth removed from cut-off trenches, outlet works, spillways, and structures

Loose rock, hardpan and solid rock re-
moved from cut-off trenches, outlet
works, spillways, and structures

Earth placed in dams
Earth placed in levees

Earth removed from river channels
Earth moved in soil stripping and in
dressing slopes with earth

Earth moved in permanent road building

Earth moved in sewer and drainage

877,010 cu. yd.

442,567 cu. yd. 3,978,490 cu. yd.

721,246 cu. yd. 1,467,327 cu. yd.

181,276 cu. yd.

93,409 cu. yd.

25,242 cu. yd. 144,734 cu. yd. 104 acres

1,446,245 lb.

relocations

5,233 cu. yd.

1,785,250 cu. yd. 713,207 cu. yd.

32,698 cu. yd. 26.882 sq. yd. 811,179 lb.

47.98 mi. 214,000 cu. yd. 23.6 mi.

In connection with the Miami Valley project it must be borne in mind that increasing the flow capacity of the river channels was only second in importance to the providing of a detention basin system. The throttling effort of the five great dams would not have sufficed to have the flow at maximum flood within the channel capacity of the streams. The channel of the great Miami River previous to the improvement had a bank full capacity of 90,000 second-feet at Day ton and 100,000 second-feet at Hamilton, while a possible though extraordinary flood if unregu lated might cause a maximum flow of 350,000 and 490,000 second-feet at the two cities. Such a flood was to be controlled by the detention basins but even these would leave a volume of 125,000 second-feet at Dayton and 200,000 secondfeet at Hamilton, or more than the capacity of

the river between levees. Channel development was influenced as well as limited by local conditions such as existing bridges with their piers and abutments and various shore structures. At Dayton therefore it was decided to widen and deepen the channel and raise the levees; at Hamilton the existing bridges did not figure to such a degree as but two, one highway and one railway bridge, survived the 1893 flood. At Dayton and Hamilton the new channel work provided an increase of from 25 to 80 per cent over the 1913 capacities while at other points in the development considerably greater capacity was secured within the new levees.

INDIANAPOLIS FLOOD PROTECTION. Having in mind the serious flood of 1913 and to provide against future damage the Indianapolis board of public works May 26, 1920, directed the city engineering department to begin plans for the completion of the flood prevention work on the east side of White River between the New York Central railroad bridge, south of Washington Street, to Raymond Street. The cost of the work was estimated at about $2,000,000. The project provided for the establishment of a channel line on the east side of the White River, making a channel of 650 feet in width, in conformity to the flood prevention work previously constructed on the west side of the river.

It was proposed to eliminate two bends in the river, one at the Belt Railroad and the other between Morris Street and Oliver Avenue, so that the river would have a straight sweep. The completion of this work of widening the channel at the latter point would relieve the territory to the north in case of a flood and would protect three important city bridges and was considered more important.

DALLAS, TEXAS. A plan to secure protection from flood at Dallas, Texas, adopted during the year involved straightening and deepening the Trinity River and the construction of levees along its banks. This construction of levees which will have a total length of 10 miles and will form a channel 2000 feet wide also will serve to reclaim about 4000 acres of land. The levees were to be about 35 feet high and 10 feet wide on top, with slopes of 1 on 3. The improvement also involved the construction of bridges and storm water outlets and the relocation of railway track. The Dallas Property Owners' Association had brought about the organization of a levee district and plans and land appraisals were made during the year.

Kaw River, KANSAS CITY, KAN. In 1919 the voters of Kansas City voted against authorizing a bond issue of $1,500,000 to construct the flood protection works recommended by the Kaw Valley Drainage Board. During 1920, however, it was proposed to clear the channel and raise the levees from 2 to 5 feet, eliminating all extraordinary obstructions, a considerable part of which was wreckage brought down in previous floods. Such working costing about $400,000, it was claimed would give a channel adequate to take care of such a flood as that of 1903. This would

involve also the construction of a deflecting dike or jetty where the Kaw River empties into the Missouri, a system of concrete walls, levees, and revetments and protection for lowlands at West Bottoms and also protection for Argentine and Armourdale.

LOS ANGELES COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL. During the year there was completed a detention

dam to control the flood waters of the Arroyo Seco, a quick rising winter stream tributary to the Los Angeles River, in the City of Pasadena. The dam described under DAMS is built of masonry about 120 feet in height with a crest of 310 feet, and has an outlet near the bottom, a tunnel outlet through the mountain, and a regulatorspillway.

COLORADO RIVER FLOOD PROTECTION. The protection works on the lower Colorado River referred to in the YEAR BOOK for 1919 (see FLOOD PROTECTION) seemed to have answered the requirements and it was reported from the Imperial Valley, Cal.,, that the crest of the annual flood in the Colorado River was passed on June 9th without serious damage having been done. A few days earlier, a small break in the Ackerson levee washed out a few hundred feet of the levee that was being strengthened by dumping rock from a railway line on top of the levee. The rock was being added, it is said, because of a small break in the Ackerson levee in February, 1919. This levee supplied the first line of defense in the protection of the Imperial Valley from the Colorado River.

FLORIDA. POPULATION. According to the preliminary report of the census of 1920, there were 968,470 residents in the State, January 1, 1920, as compared with 752,619 in 1910.

AGRICULTURE. According to the census of 1920, the number of farms was 54,006, an increase of 8.0 per cent since 1910. The following table is compiled from the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years 1919 and 1920:

Acreage

CHARITIES AND

CORRECTIONS.

Institute for Deaf, Dumb and Blind at St. Augustine; Hospital for Insane at Chattahoochee; Industrial School for Boys at Marianna; Reform School for Delinquent Girls at Ocala; Prison Farm at Raiford; Home for Feeble Minded and Epileptics at Gainesville.

OFFICERS. Elected 1920, to assume office January 4, 1921: Governor,. Cary A. Hardee; Secretary of State, H. Clay Crawford; Comptroller, Ernest Amos; Treasurer, John C. Luning; Superintendent of Public Instruction, William N. Sheats; Attorney-General, Rivers H. Buford; Auditor, J. Will Yon; Railroad Commissioners, R. Hudson Burr, Newton A. Blitch, A. S. Wells; United States Senators, Duncan U. Fletcher and Park M. Trammell. Congressmen: First district: Herbert J. Drane; Second, Frank Clark; Third, John H. Smithwick; Fourth, William Joseph Sears.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, Jefferson B. Browne; Associate Justices James B. Whitfield, Thomas F. West, William H. Ellis, R. Fenwick Taylor.

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution of the higher education at Gainesville, Fla., founded in 1905. In the summer session of 1920, which is co-educational, there were 744 students enrolled and in the regular fall session there were 683 students (excluding duplicates). The university consists of five separate and distinct colleges, namely, the College of Arts and Sciences, College of Agriculture, College of Engineering, College of Law, Teachers' College, and Normal School. There were 47 members in the faculty,

Produc. Bu.

10,530,000

Value

12,450,000

10,530,000 17,430,000

Oats

1920

612,000

1919

1,231,000

2,218,000

1919

Hay

a 3,990,000

2,175,000

1920

3,008,000

1919

3,773,000

126,000

72,000

1919

126,000

48,000

5,250,000

1919

3,830,000

1919

Cowpeas

4,100,000

1920

184,000

1919

216,000

c 18,000

1919

FINANCE. State Treasurer reported, December 31, 1920: Balance on hand January 1, 1920, $1,825,899.96; receipts during 1920, $8,835,345.97; disbursements during 1920, $8,390,294.96. Balance on hand December 31, 1920, $2,270,950.98. Public debt consists solely of refunding bonds, $601,567, at 3 per cent interest annually, all held by the Educational Funds of the State. ELECTIONS. The vote in the presidential election of 1920 was as follows: Cox (Democrat), 90,515; Harding (Republican), 44,853; Debs (Socialist), 5189; Prohibitionist, 6266; as compared with the following vote in the presidential election of 1916: Wilson (Democrat), 55,948; Hughes (Republican), 14,594; Benson (So cialist), 7814; Prohibitionist, 4855. The vote for Senator in 1920 was as follows: Democrat, 98,957; Republican, 37,065; Socialist, 3525.

c Bales.

c 16,000

3,220,000 3,402,000

d 8,500,000 d 7,000,000 d Boxes.

5,130,000 5,740,000

506,000 648,000 1,530,000

3,344,000

17,500,000

including three new instructors. The number of bound volumes in the library was 35,500. The income for the year amounted to $112,000. President, Albert Alexander Murphree, LL.D.

FLORIO, CARYL (real name WILLIAM JAMES ROBJOHN). American musician, died in Morgantown, S. C., November 21. He was born in Tavistock, England, Nov. 3, 1843. He came to New York in 1857, and was the first boy solo soprano at Trinity Church. He held position in New York as organist and choirmaster, and also was conductor of opera in New York and Havana. For the last 20 years he lived in Ashville, N. C., as teacher and conductor of choral societies. His compositions include two operas, three operettas, ambitious orchestral works, and chamber-music. FLOTATION PROCESS. See METALLURGY. FLOUR. See AGRICULTURE.