CANCER

soft and bony structures of the face, of the type deemed inoperable at the start. The growth consists largely of tissues already degenerated. To excise these with the knife exposes the patient to a number of risks, not the least of which is the danger of spreading the disease through the severed blood-vessels. Hence some form of electrical head is applied in such intensity that the degenerated tissues are "cooked" to use a familiar expression. Within a short time the "cooked" tissues separate and leave a healing cavity. Early in the treatment and perhaps before the application of heat, the x-ray has been used intensively over the tumor and its contiguous tissues with especial reference to the absorbent vessels, which bear the cancer cells to the nearest glands or lymph nodes. It has been proved that the rays are able to contract the channels of the absorbents in such a manner as to make this transportation difficult or impossible. But some of the bony tissue, as the upper or lower jaw, has become involved in the disease and can be removed only by cutting instruments. This is done at the most opportune time and as soon as possible. Thus far the periphery or growing part of the tumors which surrounds the degenerated area has not been attacked and now radium is in demand. Tubes of the latter are inserted in these regions in such a manner as to expose all of the growing tumor tissue to the penetration of the rays. Within a short time the several wounds have healed with a smooth scar and if the technic has been perfect there is little chance that the growth will reappear in the original area. In case it should start up anew at some point radium or one of the other local methods of treatment is called upon. The patient is kept for a long time under the influence of the x-rays to prevent glandular recurrence and if such recurrence appear it may be treated by single or combined methods. Appearance of the disease at a distance through transportation by the blood circulation is usually beyond the possibility of cure and we have but one resource here-the X-rays. In some of these secondary growths which are most accessible to the rays some remarkable results have been obtained. The disease has been arrested and the patient seemingly cured. Such results have been obtained for example in secondary growths of the spine. In inoperable cancer of the breast the use of chemical caustics have recently been revived for the destruction of the degenerated cancer tissue. The patient is anesthetized and by means of caustic potash the tissue is rapidly destroyed in much the same fashion as when electric heat is used. The large cavity which may form heals slowly with a good scar, although skin grafting is sometimes necessary.

The intense activity of research in the province of malignant disease can hardly help but bear fruit, but owing to the real or apparent continuous increase in the diffusion of the disease, the benefits have not yet been realized by a reduction of the mortality. Rapid increase of cancer in Brazil has led to agitation intended to make the disease reportable and to isolate the victims as in the case of leprosy. Cancer is not known to be contagious and in the case of leprosy contagion has always been difficult to prove; but since segregation has caused an arrest in the spread of leprosy it is thought wise to test the measure on the other disease. As far as can be learned no actual steps in this direction have

CAPE COLONY

yet been taken. The idea would be quite impracticable in any one of the old civilized countries where cancer has abounded for years but in a country like Brazil with a large aboriginal and primitive population hitherto relatively immune to the disease (it exists in the cities and amid the white civilized communities there as elsewhere in the world) the general diffusion of the malady suggests some drastic measure and from analogy of other racial plagues, segregation seems worth trying.

We are learning more and more that whatever else cancer may be it tends to result from persistent irritation of any kind. It has not always been easy to connect definite irritants with the disease, but of recent years it has become possible to associate cancer within the mouth and throat with multiple irritation. Thus in London a surprising number of victims present the effects of several of the following types of irritation: tobacco addiction-the excessive smoking of cigars and pipes; the use of very hot foods and the tendency to increase the temperature more and more as one becomes tolerant; the drinking of very hot tea and coffee; alcoholic abuse; the excessive use of table salt which acts unfavorably on the mucous secretion; the history and often actual lesions or scars of the disease syphilis, which is present in form 20 to 100 per cent of material treated by individual throat specialists and the presence of infected mouth and pyorrhea. In not every region of the body is there such cumulative evidence of irritation. But another great truth concerning the immediate cause of cancer is seen in the demonstration of a preceding chronic inflammation, which implies the exist ence of some irritant as yet not recognizable. Thus in cancer of the breast pathologists now claim to find evidence in practically all cases of this preexistence of inflammation, although in many cases we cannot predicate the cause. many women the inflammation is the sequel of lactation, but there is nothing to account for this pre-cancerous condition in women who have never borne children.

In

The rapid increase of cancer of the stomach is in part due to the same factors which cause the disease in the throat, such as swallowing very hot food and drink, but this is only a fraction of the causation. The immunity of the Indian from cancer of the stomach is connected with the fact that the same Indian has none of the local affections of the stomach summed up under dyspepsia. In other words frequency of cancer of the stomach is due largely to the very great frequency of gastric disorders as a whole. Whatever provokes the latter will be a factor in cancer. Simple ulcer of the stomach has long been known as a fertile cause of the latter. Half chewed bits of food which reach the stomach are repeatedly projected against the pyloric ring which is the chief seat of the disease in that organ.

Under the head of treatment it is admitted that radium and the x-rays in the hands of certain experts are doing much good-so much in fact that certain governments have been buying up radium in order that the poor may receive the same advantage as the wealthy. A tendency to combine the best features of surgery, caustics, and radiation in the individual patient is at present developing.

CANDIA. See CRETE.

CAPE COLONY. See CAPE OF GOOD HOPE PROVINCE.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE PROVINCE. One of the four constituent provinces of South Africa, formerly known as Cape Colony and now constituting the southernmost province of the Union of South Africa; area, 276,966 square miles, with a total population of (census of 1911) 2,564,965; European or white, 582,377; colored, 1,982,588. In 1918 the European population numbered 619,319. The colony is divided as follows: Cape Colony Proper, East Griqualand, Tembuland, Pondoland, Transkéi, Walfish Bay, and Bechuanaland. The capital is Cape Town, with a white population in 1918 of 99,693. Other towns with populations at that date are: Kimberley, 17,188; Port. Elizabeth, 23,339; East London, 17, 592. The races are mainly Hottentots, Malays, Kaffirs, Fingoes, and Bechunas. The census of 1911 gave the colored population of mixed race at 415,282. The Malays at that time numbered 19,763. On June 30, 1918, there were 4888 schools aided by the state with an enrollment of 269,422 (provisional figures, 1919). The trade between the Cape of Good Hope and the United Kingdom was: Exports to the United Kingdom, £15,104,000; imports from the United Kingdom, £9,097,000, of which £8,795,000 consisted of British produce and manufactures. The colony was merged in the Union of South Africa, May 31, 1910. The executive power is vested in the governor and in an executive council which consists of office holders appointed by the crown. See SOUTH AFRICA, UNION OF.

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. A group of islands, 14 in number, belonging to Portugal and situated off the west African coast, with a total area of 1516 square miles, or according to some authorities, 1480 square miles, and a population at the census of 1912 of 149,793, of whom 4799 were white. The chief products are medicinal plants, coffee, hides, and millet. The estimated revenue and expenditures in 1917-18 balanced at 776,799 escudos. For, further statistics see the preceding YEAR BOOKS. Capital, Praia.

CARILLON MAGICO, İL. See MUSIC, Op

era.

of

CARINTHIA. Formerly crownland a Austria in the Austro-Hungarian Empire; after the disruption of the Empire, a province of the new Republic of Austria itself; bounded by Tirol on the west, Styria on the east, Salzburg and Styria on the north, and Venetia, Görz and Carniola on the south; area 3987 square miles; population at the census of 1910, 396,200; estimated in 1913, 406.162. In 1910 the German-speaking element numbered 304,287. The majority are of the Roman Catholic religion. The capital is Klagenfurt with a population of 28,911 in 1910. Carniola was formerly represented by 10 members in the lower house in the Austrian Parliament and was locally governed by a single chamber of 43 members.

CARLISLE, BISHOP OF. See DIGGLE, J. W. CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. See INDIAN TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE. See INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND ARBITRATION,

CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING. See UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. A non-sectarian institution of the higher learning at Shenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., founded in 1900. In the summer session of 1920 there

were 511 students enrolled and in the regular fall session, 4123. The faculty numbered 396, including 71 additions. The income for the year was $1,603,880. There were 10,307 volumes in the library on the campus, a branch of the adjacent Carnegie Library, which contains 450,000 volumes and is used by the students. President, Arthur Arton Hamerschlag.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. The year was spent for the most part in returning to normal activities for the various departments. Most of the investigators who were drawn off during the war into government service or into the activities of industrial life had returned to their posts, in some cases to accept salaries much less than those offered by industrial concerns. Extraordinary results had already been obtained with the possibilities for the future by the Hooker telescope which was given a thorough test of its capabilities at the Mount Wilson Observatory during the year. The sixth cruise of the non-magnetic vacht Carnegie in October, 1919, to October, 1920, was the most successful one both with regard to rate of progress and in work accomplished. This vessel since it was put into commission in 1909 had traversed 250,000 miles. The trustees of the Institution decided to establish a Department of Genetics at Spring Harbor with sections of experimental evolution of eugenics, Record Office, the latter having been donated to the Institution by E. H. Harriman in 1918. Volume II of Professor Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers appeared during the year. It is devoted to "Dio

phantine Analysis."

A notable event in the history of the Institution was the retirement of President Woodward on Dec. 31, 1920, who has guided the work for so many years. Dr. John C. Merriam of the University of California was appointed to take his place on Jan. 1, 1921.

Total receipts for the fiscal year 1919-20 were $1,553,930.64, making a total received since its founding in 1902 of $18,972,089.26. The publication of eight volumes was authorized by the Executive Committee during the year. Twentytwo volumes were published during the year, and 16 additional volumes were in press at its close. CAROLINE ISLANDS. See GERMAN NEW

GUINEA.

CASE, CLIFFORD PHILIP. Clergyman, died March 7th. He was born at Jersey City, N. J., Oct. 22, 1873; graduated at Rutgers College, 1897; after graduating at the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1900, was ordained to the Dutch Reformed Church. He was pastor in New Jersey and then for several years at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. After 1915 he was permanent clerk of the General Synod of the Reformed Church of America.

CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. A college of engineering at Cleveland, Ohio, founded in 1881, which gave courses in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical, mining, and chemical engineering, and physics. In the fall of 1920 there were 743 students and 67 members of the faculty. The endowment amounted to $2,580,000 and the income from all sources for the year 1919-20 was $276,000. The department libraries contained 15,200 volumes. The chief addition to the equipment was the Warner and Swasey Observatory, which was dedicated October 12th. It is furnished with a 10inch telescope, two astronomical transits, a zenith

CASSIDY, JOSEPH. Politician, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., November 21. For many years he was boss of the borough of Queens and at one time its president. He was born in the borough of Queens in 1866; was educated in the common schools and went to work in a large department store, in which he became the head of the fur department. He went into politics while still a young man and was appointed excise commissioner of Long Island City, which office he held until 1893. He became popular in local politics at the time of the consolidation of Brooklyn with greater New York and rose to the position of leader of the Democratic organization in Queens. His political power thereafter was virtually absolute, and he was especially popular among the younger element by whom he was known as "Curly Joe." He supported the successful candidate for the office of first Borough President of Queens under the new Greater City administration in 1897 and he was himself chosen his successor, and secured a second term. There was an extensive real estate development and he was believed to have amassed a large fortune during his term. Charges were made against him by the taxpayers, but no action was taken. He was defeated in subsequent campaigns for the office, but he retained control of the Democratic organization for many years. He still was partly in control in 1912, when he was indicted on the charge of selling the Democratic nomination for Supreme Court Justice. He was convicted Feb. 3, 1914, and sentenced to Sing Sing, but was released on parole on Jan. 26, 1916, and his citizenship was restored a year later.

CASTLE, EDGERTON. British popular novelist, died in the middle of September. He was born March 12, 1858, studied at the universities of Paris and Glasgow and graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, with honors. He also passed through the Sandhurst Military Academy and the Inner Temple. After this wide range of studies he went into journalism serving for a number of years on the staff of the Saturday Review. Meanwhile he had published a treatise on Schools and Masters of Fence (1884). The list of his stories of which the greater number were written in collaboration with his wife, Agnes Castle, is too long to be reproduced here. Many of them were of an extraordinary popularity and some of them on being dramatized met with equal success on the stage. The best known of the earlier ones were The Pride of Jennico (1898) and The Bath Comedy (1899), both of which were dramatized with great success, the latter under the name of Sweet Kittie Bellairs. Among others were The Secret Orchard (1900); Incomparable Bellairs (1904); My Merry Rockhurst (1907); The Hope of the House (1915); The Black Office (1917); Wolf Lure (1917). The field of his writings was that of conventional romance. He was as successful in swordsmanship as in the writing of novels. For many years he was amateur champion of Great Britain in swordsmanship, and he was captain of the British epée and sabre teams at the Olympic games

in 1908.

The latest romance was John Seneschal's Margaret; it also was written in collaboration with Agnes Castle.

CATALAN. See PHILOLOGY, MODERN.

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA.

situated at Washington, D. C., founded in 1887. The total number of students for the year 192021 was 1826 and the members of the teaching staff numbered 82. The university includes schools of sacred science, law, philosophy, letters, and sciences, and also a summer school. With the authorization of the university, colleges and seminaries may be affiliated, the affiliating institutions maintaining their self-government. In 1920 the affiliating institutions were the St. Paul Seminary at St. Paul, Minn., and the following institutions situated near the university: lege of St. Paul the Apostle; Holy Cross College; Franciscan College; Apostolic Mission House; Trinity College; College of the Immaculate Conception; Catholic Sisters' College, and Mount St. Augustine's College; also the Institute of Scientific Study in New York City, and Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West at Cincinnati, Ohio. Rector, the Rt. Rev. Thomas Joseph Shahan, S.T.D. LL.D.

Col

CATTLE. See LIVESTOCK; DAIRYING; VETERINARY MEDICINE, etc.

CAUCASUS. The region of southeastern Europe comprising the isthmus which separates the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov from the Caspian Sea. It was formerly one of the general governments of the Russian Empire, divided into the two districts Ciscaucasia and Transcaucasia, with an area of 181,173 square miles and an estimated population, Jan. 1, 1915, of 13,299,100. No later statistics were available than those given in preceding YEAR BOOKS. Transcaucasia since the beginning of 1919 has been politically divided into the three small republics of ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN, and GEORGIA (q.v.).

CELEBRATIONS. The greatest celebration of the year was the Pilgrim Tercentenary Celebration (q.v.), commemorating the 300th anniversary of the Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620. Two States, Alabama and Maine, celebrated the centennial anniversary of their admission to the Union and in honor of these events special commemorative coins of the value of 50 cents each were authorized by Congress to be made at the United States mint.

The celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the Straits of Magellan was held in Chile during November and December. The festivities were held principally in Santiago and Punta Arenas, the latter the world's southernmost city, where the occasion was marked by the inauguration of important public works, including port improvement, lighthouses in Smith Channel, a highway between Punta Arenas and Natales, on the South Atlantic Coast, and laying of a corner stone of the Punta Arenas University. The Hon. Joseph H. Shea, who represents the United States in Chile, was appointed a special ambassador to represent this country at that event. Besides the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal were invited to send special representatives to the celebration.

Brazil proposes to celebrate the centenary of its independence in September, 1922. That country separated from the Kingdom of Portugal and was proclaimed independent by Don Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, on Sept. 22, 1822.

Plans entailing an expenditure of $12,500,000 have been prepared. They include an exposition of fine arts, erection of a national historical museum and composition of an historical opera, and a drama. The scheme also provides for the or