Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report: Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session, May 1, 2001, Volume 4U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004 - 87 pages |
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Page 9
... ozone and aerosols , which vary consider- ably with region and season . Sun and volcanoes are natural forcing factors . One characteristic stands out from the assessment of the forcings , which is that the estimate and the level of ...
... ozone and aerosols , which vary consider- ably with region and season . Sun and volcanoes are natural forcing factors . One characteristic stands out from the assessment of the forcings , which is that the estimate and the level of ...
Page 11
... ozone layer and IPCC climate change science assessments . In the recently concluded IPCC scientific assignment , I served as the Coordinating Lead Author for the Chapter on " Radiative Forcing of Climate Change . " I was also a member ...
... ozone layer and IPCC climate change science assessments . In the recently concluded IPCC scientific assignment , I served as the Coordinating Lead Author for the Chapter on " Radiative Forcing of Climate Change . " I was also a member ...
Page 42
... ozone , and nitrous oxide together cause a forcing that is equally as large . Methane , when you include its effects on other gases , causes a forcing half as large as CO2 , and then there are these aerosols . Aerosols are fine ...
... ozone , and nitrous oxide together cause a forcing that is equally as large . Methane , when you include its effects on other gases , causes a forcing half as large as CO2 , and then there are these aerosols . Aerosols are fine ...
Page 43
... ozone . It is a pollutant that causes tens of billions of dollars of damage . We could stop its further growth . We have the technology to do that . There is a somewhat different story for methane , but there are practical steps that ...
... ozone . It is a pollutant that causes tens of billions of dollars of damage . We could stop its further growth . We have the technology to do that . There is a somewhat different story for methane , but there are practical steps that ...
Page 45
... ozone depletion and CO2 increase , but it warms after volcanic erup- tions . The troposphere and the surface warm because of the predominantly positive forcing by increases of greenhouse gases , in reasonably good agreement with obser ...
... ozone depletion and CO2 increase , but it warms after volcanic erup- tions . The troposphere and the surface warm because of the predominantly positive forcing by increases of greenhouse gases , in reasonably good agreement with obser ...
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21st century achieve aerosols air pollution alternative scenario Arctic assessment black carbon business-as-usual carbon dioxide Chairman Chapter climate change climate forcing climate models climate sensitivity climate system CO₂ CO2 emissions coal Committee concentrations coordinating lead authors decades developing countries direct costs economic effects emission reductions emission scenarios emissions trading energy efficiency energy sources estimates feedback Figure forcing agents fossil fuels future climate global climate global warming greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse gases growth rate Hansen heat impacts improved increase Intergovernmental Panel IPCC report issue Kyoto Protocol Lindzen long-term mate change McCarthy measurements methane model simulations National natural non-CO₂ observations ocean options Panel on Climate past potential projected question radiative forcing RAMASWAMY range recent reduce regions response SATHAYE scientific scientists Senator BROWNBACK stratospheric studies Summary for Policymakers surface temperature technologies testimony Thank tion tropical tropospheric ozone uncertainties understanding variability W/m²
Popular passages
Page 27 - I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind...
Page 12 - the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate' [5], and was sufficiently confident by the time of the Third Assessment Report to conclude that 'there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities...
Page 30 - In the light of new evidence and taking into account the remaining uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely 7 to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Page 12 - Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate.
Page 12 - ... likely to have been a reduction of about two weeks in the annual duration of lake and river ice cover in the mid- and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, over the 20th century.
Page 14 - ... for urbanisation over the land. Over both the last 140 years and 100 years, the best estimate is that the global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6 ± 0.2°C. (b) Additionally, the year by year (blue curve) and 50 year average (black curve) variations of the average surface temperature of the Northern Hemisphere for the past 1 000 years have been reconstructed from "proxy" data calibrated against thermometer data (see list of the main proxy data in the diagram).
Page 11 - US scientific agencies and international scientific agencies such as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The scientific assessments have been conducted and written by the best scientists in the world.
Page 14 - Earths surface temperature is shown year by year (red bars) and approximately decade by decade (black line, a filtered annual curve suppressing fluctuations below near decadal time-scales). There are uncertainties in the annual data (thin black whisker bars represent the 95% confidence range) due to data gaps, random instrumental errors and uncertainties, uncertainties in bias corrections in the ocean surface temperature data and also in adjustments for urbanisation over the land.
Page 14 - Hemisphere for the past 1 000 years have been reconstructed from "proxy" data calibrated against thermometer data (see list of the main proxy data in the diagram). The 95% confidence range in the annual data is represented by the grey region. These uncertainties increase in more distant times and are always much larger than in the instrumental record due to the use of relatively sparse proxy data.
Page 15 - Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the Industrial era (a...