TIIL

19.36

1900.

26.03

29.21

34.01

32.50

20.14

17.76

13.17 29.52 32.75 18.11

5.91

4.74

5.43

0.95

0.80

0.90

0.93

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.09

5.45

According to Quetelet1 the number of the militia coming under this relation of stature in Belgium from 1842 to 1850 was 322,756, the number of whom the stature was taken being 307,462.

51,105 were 1.56 m. and below, or 16.62 per cent. 158,796 1.561 m. to 1.669 m. or 51.64 per cent. 94,938 1.67 m. to 1.799 m. or 30.88 per cent. 1.80 m. and above, or 0.86 per cent.

The fact that the unit of measure was borrowed in the first place from the stature of man shows in itself that its variations are limited; later the measure was taken from a part of the circumference of the earth.

However, these variations are important; thus, in Belgium the regular militia measuring 1.80 m. and over were in the following proportion:

In France, according to Bertillon, there are, from the point of view of stature, two fairly distinct regions separated by a line which extends from Cherbourg to Lake Geneva. To the north of this line the average stature has risen, varying between 1.67 m. and 1.64m. To the south it is equal to or below the average (1.64 m.). In two provinces of Brittany and in three provinces of the center it falls to 1.62 m. and even 1.61 m. Broca explains

1 Anthropométrie, p. 187.

the difference in stature of these two regions by their ethnic origin. It is, however, certain that other causes exercise an influence. The study of recruiting in Sweden and the Netherlands shows that in these two countries the stature has risen considerably under the influence of prosperity. In Savoy the study of recruiting by occupations (1852-54) has shown that manual laborers, especially those least remunerated, are inferior in stature to those of the liberal professions.

The Italian Bureau of Statistics published, in 1878 and 1882, two reports of the basis of the methods of averages of Quetelet. According to this method, the simple arithmetical average is insufficient. It is necessary to make a series of observations in order to see how many in each 1,000 men belong to each group of statures. If the population studied is homogeneous, the most numerous groups will approach nearest to the average, which represents the normal type of the population. In northeastern France, where he recognizes two distinct types, in the same way as we have seen that there are two types for the whole of France, the purely ethnic explanation seems equally incomplete, and Bertillon adds: "It is not impossible that coexistence of these two types may be due to the coexistence of two unequally fortunate populations, the one being relatively rich and healthy, the other poor and unhealthy." Perhaps, indeed, these causes are historically mixed and have combined in the production of the observed result.

the

In Italy the Venetians and Tuscans showed the greatest proportion of high statures; the Calabrians, the Sardinians, and the Basilicatians, the smallest proportion. Race and physical environment certainly are influential, as is shown in Italy by the differences of stature in the regions where the economic and social conditions are identical. But the social conditions are none the less important. According to my theory, the ethnical and Mesological factors are also social. The Italian enquête which was taken in regard to the stature in the different occupations is decisive.'

In a memoir of the highest interest, published in the Bulletin 'See Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique, Vol. VII, Part II, pp. 273 ff.

de l'Institut international de statistique1 Mr. Ch. Roberts concludes that the result of twenty years of anthropometrical researches prove that physical differences depend upon (a) race and nationality, (b) sex, (c) social conditions. In the first table he shows that the difference between the highest and lowest averages of statures in thirty-seven different populations is only 25 centimeters. In a second table, relative to the stature of children from eleven to twelve years, he shows in 2,862 observations that the average stature in England diminishes according as they are found in more or less favorable conditions of growth. While the average stature of children in the public schools of the country is 55.5 inches, this stature decreases in the middle-class schools, still more in the elementary schools of the country and in those of the artisans in the towns; again, in the factories and workshops of the country and in the towns; and it falls to the lowest level in the military asylums, and especially in the industrial schools, the average in the latter being only about 50 inches. The third table shows the relative average stature of adults from twenty to thirty years of age, in the different social conditions of life. While the general average for the population of all classes is about 67.5 inches, this average falls, for example, to 65.92 inches in the sedentary occupations in the factories; and among the tailors it almost equal to that of the sedentary of all classes, which is about 66.16 inches, and scarcely superior to that of the defectives of all classes, 65.65 inches.

A diagram giving the different curves of growth of Belgian and English males shows at every age that the curve is higher for the latter. The difference is greatest between 17 and 18 years. For women the curve of growth is a little inferior to that of men in England up to 12 years; it then exceeds it from 12 to 14, and becomes more and more inferior up to 24. The stature of the children of English soldiers is inferior to that of children in general from 6 to 16 years (diagram 3). According to a table with reference to Australia, drawn up by Dr. F. Norton Manning, girls from 8 to 15 years of age are inferior in stature to boys of the same age, but with very small differences; Vol. VI, Part I (1892), pp. 13 ff.

sexes.

from which one can conclude that the conditions of life in Australia are favorable to an equal physical development of the two A very interesting anthopometric study on the influence of gymnastic training of the American women upon weight and stature proves from all evidence that in both relations the limits of variation are much extended, and that in certain conditions woman is equal to, if she does not excel, those of the average European man. The law seems to be that in proportion as the human species is differentiated from the inferior types by the disappearance of the superior anthropoids and the inferior varieties proper, the type of stature has tended to become fixed and uniform within narrower limits. Moreover, as is shown by Darwin, the widely distributed species are more variable than those comprised within narrow limits. This is the case with the human species, only civilization tends to restrain these limits, while multiplying the number of variations.

3. Muscular force.- Animals are distinguished from vegetables chiefly by the development of organs of movement and sensibility. In the human species these functions are developed to a very high degree. Although, from the point of view of muscles, man is inferior to a large number of animals, yet it is necessary to take into consideration that muscular force does not depend solely upon the volume of the muscles, but also upon their quality. The human species, thanks to the progress of knowledge, is able to extend artificially its motor power in a degree to which the limits are not determinable. Here, in the same way as for psychical and finally social activity, is the characteristic sign of humanity. One will observe, moreover, that muscular force and sensibility are the fundamental functions of the relations in life. The variations of muscular force are not solely determined by the environment and by race, but also by education to which the muscles are susceptible.

From the first researches begun by Péron with the dynamometer of Régnier, followed up with the same instrument by Quoy and Gaymard, as well as by the expedition of Novarra, we give 'C. J. ENBUSKE, in Bulletin international de statistique, Vol. VIII, Part II (1895),

Pp. 292.

the following results obtained from adult males of the same race, based upon the power of the hands:

M. A. Thomson, in weight-lifting, in New Zealand showed that 31 natives lifted 166 kg., two hands; 31 English, 191 kg. It should be noted that the English were almost all soldiers or marines, that is to say, selected men, receiving normal rations. In general, the functional development of every organ depends upon the use made of it and its education; this law dominates the purely anthropological condition.

Mr. Ch. Roberts, in the memoir already cited, gives in a diagram curves of weight and muscular force of the two sexes in England. Weight corresponds in direction to that of stature. Up to twelve years of age the curve is smaller for females, then up to the age of sixteen it exceeds that of males, and from that time it becomes more and more inferior to that of males. The muscular force of females from twelve to fifty years of age is always inferior to that of males. The maximum is reached for both at about the age of twenty-eight.

Muscular force also is limited if one considers it in itself. Socially it may be greatly increased, the variations being very large. According to Quetelet and Hutchinson, there is no doubt that there are also variations in the circulation of the blood, the heart-beats, respiration, and voice, according to sex, race, age, etc. However, these variations are always contained within certain limits, whence results their internal and external equilibration.

'TOPINARD, Anthropologie, pp. 424-6.