change would occur. In some respects the foreign trade of the country would be changed, but not in the aggregate, while the permanent results are likely to be a lowered rate of interest, a more intelligent body of workers, and a higher taste in buying, resulting in many changes in demand.

One more question remains to be considered, and that is the best way to secure the shorter day. Three methods are open to the advocates of shorter hours: legislative statute, trade-union action, and voluntary act of employers. Any bill providing for shorter hours must be strictly mandatory and make no exceptions. The conditions of overtime must be defined and the law rigidly enforced. Its constitutionality virtually limits such action to public works and to contract factories. Shorter hours by legislation serves as an example on the part of the state or federal authorities, but where attained outside of government circles by legislation the trade unions are often not strong enough to maintain the hours at the old wages. The shorter days can be an abiding possession (where not granted by the voluntary action of employers) only when maintained by public opinion and strong trade-union organization. It would be far better, however, if the shorter day could be secured gradually, through the voluntary acts of employers. The eight-hour day attained in this way is a reasonable request that, from the point of view of selfish interest, employers would do well to grant. Give labor a generation more in the organization of the workers, and great changes will be wrought that will produce marked results in the ownership, direction, and management of industry. Reasonable requests granted now will make the transition less difficult and

severe.

The eight-hour day will promote contentment and cheerfulness among the working people of the world. The economic value of this change is yet to be appreciated, but there can be no doubt of its great productive power when applied to industry. Under its influence the old rate of daily production will be maintained, with little or no effect in the long run upon wages, profits, the unemployed, and foreign commerce.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.

FRANK L. MCVEY.

THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY IN INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING IN THE UNITED STATES. IV.

CATALOGUE OF COURSES IN SOCIOLOGY-continued.

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY.
PROFESSOR WYCKOFF.

5. History of social theory. A historical and critical analysis of the principal theories of social reconstruction from the early utopias to the various forms of modern anarchy and socialism.

6. Private property rights. The origin of private property rights and their subsequent modifications in civilized society, with special reference to present problem of land tenure and to public ownership and management of monopolies.

9. Genesis of the industrial order. An ethnological study of industry, including the earliest forms of the division of labor, the domestication of animals and plants the rise of slavery, the use of money, etc. Seminary course.

10. Development of industrialism. This course will treat of the rise of a new ndustrial order as an outcome of the industrial revolution, of the factory system, its development in the growth of capitalism and in the organization of labor, involving combinations, trusts, monopolies, and trade unions. Seminary course.

SETON HALL COLLEGE.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

8. Sociology. Society in general; domestic society; marriage and divorce; education; origin and nature of civil society; forms of government; international law. Professor Hedges.

PRESIDENT DAVIS, MR. SORENSEN, AND MR. W. A. TITSWORTH.

4. Sociology. A study is made of the sources of sociological data. The family, the community, the city, the social functions, organs, and especially social ethics, are investigated. The aim of the course is to direct the student toward a practical and amicable adjustment of the present sociological questions. The seminary method is pursued, and a large amount of written work is required from members of the class.

ADELPHI COLLEGE.

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND POLITICS.

DR. FRADENBURGH.

46. Social history. The origin and growth of society as disclosed in the development of the family and civil and religious institutions. Text-books: Tylor's Anthropology and Morris's Aryan Race, with readings from Lubbock, Tylor, and Giddings.

49. Sociology. A study of social institutions, with special reference to American conditions. Social problems and their proposed solutions. Among the subjects discussed are immigration, problems of city life, employment of women and children, factory legislation, defective and delinquent classes, socialism. References: Ward's Outlines of Sociology, Fairbanks's Introduction to Sociology, Wright's Practical Sociology, Blackmar's History and Sociology, Spencer's Principles of Sociology, Giddings's Elements of Sociology, Smith's Statistics and Sociology.

BROOKLYN POLYTECHNIC,

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

Sociology. Outline study of social evolution, involving analysis of past and present societies, of projected ideal societies, and a determination of the requisites of social survival, social efficiency, and social control.

COLLEGE OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER.

Special ethics includes private ownership, communism, socialism, agrarian socialism, Henry George's theories. The combination of capital and labor organizations. Domestic society: Matrimony, divorce, celibacy, education. Civil society: The nature and scope of civil society. Hobbes, Rousseau, the schoolmen. Aim and scope of civil government. Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant.

CANISIUS COLLEGE.

Special ethics includes, int. al., the following topics: society in general nature and constituent elements of society, social activity; the family.

ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY.

SOCIOLOGY.

PROFESSOR FISHER.

Elective. Students interested in social science and already well grounded in the principles of political economy may, on application approved by the instructor, be admitted to the course in sociology.

(See also Canton Theological School.)

CORNELL UNIVERSITY,

PHILOSOPHY.

14a. Social psychology. Dr. Washborn. In the first part of this course the psychological aspect of the development of the human race, including the growth of language, the origin and development of myth, of custom, and of art and science, will be considered. In the second part the psychological character of civilized society will be studied.

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.

The course in elementary social economics aims to show the significance for the students of economics and social life of the theories of evolution. Attention is centered upon the social group rather than upon the individual. The family, as the simplest and most important social group, is first studied in its historical development and its present organization and life. The study advances from this to the elementary study of the more complex and ill-defined social groups, such as races and the several classes of social dependents. Emphasis is laid upon the statistical method as an aid in the study of social groups and the measurement of social forces.

The course in elementary statistics is an introduction to statistics as a method of studying social groups and social life. Emphasis is laid upon the results reached by this method in the simplest fields where the chances of error in observation or interpretation are least. Special attention is given, therefore, to the simple statistics of population and the elements of vital statistics. The methods of the United States census office will be presented in detail, and a critical analysis made of the results of the twelfth census. The statistical laboratory is furnished with nearly all the electrical and mechanical devices to facilitate statistical work which will be found in a modern census office. Two hours a week of laboratory work will be required, in the course of which students will gain some familiarity with present methods of statistical work.

The course in advanced statistics gives greater attention to statistical theory, and aims to introduce the students to writers like Galton and Pearson, whose work is of especial importance as laying the statistical basis for the theories of evolution.

D. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND POLITICS.

36. The modern régime. An analysis of the present industrial and social order as contrasted with that of the eighteenth century.

(a) The industrial reorganization, the centralization of wealth, the growth of corporations, the development of credit, speculation, etc.

(b) The effect of these changes on morality, intelligence, social and political ideals and institutions.

(c) Socialism and other plans for social reconstruction. Assistant Professor Powers.

37. Social interpretation of art. A study of the evolution of art, particularly painting and sculpture, with a special reference to the conditions, social, political, and economic, prevailing during the periods of exceptional art activity. Assistant Professor Powers.

40. Seminary. The evolution of society. A study of the principles of organic evolution as manifested in the formation of groups.

(a) Causes determining the formation of groups and the conditions affecting their efficiency and permanence, social organization, the nature and function of social classes, group selection, etc.

(c) Modifications effected in individual character as the result of life in a social state, social sensibilities, social instincts, the moral sense, conscience, etc. Assistant Professor Powers.

E. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND STATISTICS.

41. Elementary social economics. An introductory course upon the relation of evolutionary theories to the social sciences, with applications to the study of the family, race relations, immigration, etc. Professor Wilcox.

48. Elementary statistics. An introductory course in statistical methods, with practical work in investigation and tabulation. Special attention is given to census statistics and vital statistics. Two laboratory hours a week. Professor Wilcox.

49. Advanced statistics. Open to those who have taken the elementary statistics or can show that they are qualified to enter the class. Readings and discussion of various books in statistical theory and results. Professor Wilcox.

F. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND FINANCE.

55. Methods in modern philanthropy. To acquaint the student with the character and extent of charitable, correctional, and certain other social problems, and the methods employed in dealing with them. Not technical, but intended for the general enlightenment of the citizen. At least two days each semester will be spent in visiting institutions. Professor Fetter.

35. Municipal government in Europe and the United States. A study of the governmental, financial, and social problems presented by the modern city. Lectures, assigned readings, reports on selected cities. Mr. Brooks.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.

SUBJECT A - ECONOMICS.

Economics 12. Theories of social reform. Professor Clark. This course treats of certain plans for the partial reconstruction of industrial society that have been advocated in the United States, and endeavors to determine what reforms are in harmony with economic principles. It treats of the proposed single tax, of the measures advocated by the Farmers' Alliance and of those proposed by labor organizations, and the general relation of the state to industry.

SUBJECT B-SOCIOLOGY AND STATISTICS.

Sociology 15. Principles of sociology. Professor Giddings. This is a fundamental course, intended to lay a foundation for advanced work. In connection with a text-book study of theory, lectures are given on the sociological systems of Aristotle, Hegel, Comte, Spencer, Schäffle, De Greef, Gumplowicz, Ward, Tarde, and other writers. Students are required to analyze and classify sociological material of live interest obtained from newspapers, reviews, and official reports.

Sociology 16. Racial demography. Dr. Ripley. Two hours a week, second half-year. Being an analysis of population on the basis of geography and physical anthropology; comparing racial phenomena with those of a sociological character. It is primarily concerned with the anthropology and ethnology of the civilized peoples of Europe and America. It is intended to subserve three purposes, viz.: (1) as an introduction to advanced statistical and demographic research; (2) as an outline of the racial and cultural history of Europe during the prehistoric period; and (3) as an essay in social geography. With this, practical demonstration and laboratory work in graphic statistics will be combined: beginning with the technique of cross-hatching by hand and machine; the application of color-shading in both small scale and wall maps; the preparation and interpretation of curves, diagrams, and shaded maps of all kinds; and the description of processes of reproduction, by photo-engraving and lithography.

Sociology 17. Statistics and sociology. This course is intended to train students in the use of statistics as an instrument of investigation in social science. The topics covered are: relation of statistics to sociology, criteria of statistics, population, population and land, sex, age, and conjugal condition, births, marriages, deaths, sickness, and mortality, race and nationality, migration, social position, infirmities, suicide, vice, crime, nature of statistical regularities.

Sociology 18. Statistics and economics. This course covers those statistics of most use in political economy, but which have also a direct bearing on the problems