you are dealing with a different type situation, a spontaneous large number of people appearing on the street, with certain of them committing various type felonies, and a lot of others on the streets.

I am not advocating what you have now, or something else. I want to know your feeling as to how best, in a metropolitan city like this, you can escalate your manpower for emergency situations on a shortterm basis.

Mr. MURPHY. Well, Mr. Congressman, one of the most important things is a prompt response. Police officers certainly every Friday and Saturday night deal with situations involving disorder in a bar or a fight on the street where we have to get officers in in a hurry. If we couldn't get 10 or 20 officers into a street quickly, something could escalate very suddenly out of control.

In a disorder of the magnitude of the one that existed on Thursday night, April 4th, it is terribly important to have a rapid mobilization plan of officers on duty, and then a rapid recall of off-duty officers. Again, the Department has had a good program.

Mr. ADAMS. I think you got your men on the streets as rapidly as could be done. In other words, if you had 2,000 men on the streets in less than three hours, you are cranking up at a pretty good rate.

Now, what I am asking you is this: You are apparently going to need a back-up force if this kind of thing should occur again. Do you think this should be created as a type of police reserve? Do you want to use a National Guard operation?

In other words, the problem with Federal troops is the time factorand I think, incidentally, in this case they cranked up in a hurrythey were on the streets by the next afternoon, which is moving pretty fast to bring people in. Do you visualize a National Guard operation, or do you visualize a police reserve operation, or what, to provide you with that pool of manpower to put, say, another three or four thousand people on the streets in a four or five-hour period?

Mr. MURPHY. Well, Mr. Adams, we have a unique situation in the District, which is one of the things that has given us considerable concern, and we have discussed this matter to some extent.

In other cities, there is the opportunity to be supplemented by a State Police or a Highway Patrol. As a matter of fact, a very interesting presentation was recently made at a law-enforcement meeting in Chicago that would involve the increasing in size of State Police agencies for this very purpose-a rapid response.

Our situation in the District is unique. The possibility of mutual aid from an adjoining Police Department in Maryland or Virginia is something that has been considered, but a mutual aid arrangement may not be entirely dependable because surrounding communities become concerned themselves if there would be a disorder in a central city.

We must think through this problem and either increase the size of the D.C. Department itself or make a mutual aid arrangement that would give us a more rapid response. Then, I think, too, we must continue this close liaison with the National Guard and the Military that gives us much reassurance, Congressman.

We will working through that and we will hopefully develop something that we can submit to the Committee.

Mr. ADAMS. I won't take any may time because I want to observe the five-minute rule. I do want to say in closing that I think the police

response in this area within the limits of the number of men that you have and your movement in the city was excellent.

I think it does show pre-planning. The indications that I have here are that you had your complete operation on the street the same night that a spontaneous riot occurred. We are all concerned over the situation throughout America and the response of Metropolitan Departments to do what, in effect, is an entirely changed situation on a street. I agree with your decision of starting with massive force in the area. I agree with your conclusion to pull the officers out of 14th and U when there were 50 to 100 people and there were only two officers, until you could mobilize your strength. I think that if you don't have overwhelming strength in an area, then you must rely on ultimate force. Ultimate force in a crowded metropolitan area, when the shooting starts, cannot help but lead to extremely heavy casualties among the innocent.

I am concerned as to whether or not your present plans envision a group of people to move in and assist you on a rapid basis to get that build-up of force sooner than you had this last time. I am not critical of your last operation.

Finally, I would just like to say that I think this Police Department made more arrests than any other city in America. I think they responded very well. I know there have been some people who said that they didn't, but I, for one, want to compliment you, Chief Layton, and you, Commissioner, for the operation that took place.

You were there on the streets. You were there that night. You were out in your car there and I think that is very good. I am glad to have you in Washington.

Mr. DOWDY. Mr. Mathias.

Mr. MATHIAS. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Adams has given me a preface for what I would like to say, Mr. Chairman, because I was on the streets in Washington on two of the nights of the disorders.

May I direct my remarks to Chief Layton, Secretary McGiffert, and Mr. Murphy.

I think all of us owe a considerable debt of gratitude to the Military, the Police Department, the Fire Department, and Mr. Murphy. The remarkable individual efforts that I saw made during the disorders by various members of these units was of the highest order.

It seemed to me to exhibit an extraordinary amount of discipline, training, judgment and restraint.

I saw the Police disarm a group of men who had machetes; and it was done in a very professional manner, and yet it was done with restraint and with full observance of the proper police procedures.

I happened to be on upper 14th Street when a man rushed up and he cried, "My woman is in that building," and the building was just a mass of flame. Without any question, without any hesitation-the fire ladder went right up against the building. The firemen made an effort to find out if the woman was actually in the building.

Out on Benning Road troops were controlling that area and using some stores there as a command post. It was a unit of paratroopersand I have never seen a more disciplined performance on the part of Military units.

The sergeant who was in command happened to be a constituent of Mr. Ashmore's from South Carolina. I think we owe a personal debt to the troops for their excellent attention to duty. This series of disorders was, after all, not unprecedented in the history of Washington, but unprecedented in our lifetime in Washington.

So I think these brave men deserve credit. I think the community can feel a considerable degree of confidence, and this Committee can demonstrate such confidence by very properly seeking to investigate weaknesses that need to be strengthened. But I don't think these hearings here should engender a feeling of lack of confidence in the forces that must be going to maintain law and order.

We have got to maintain law and order. There is no doubt about it. The question is, how do we proceed so that we can maintain law and order in the right way.

FUTURE PROTECTION

Now, I would like to ask Mr. Murphy this question: are you satisfied with the arrangements that now exist to maintain civil order in Washington in the forthcoming months? Do you feel perfectly satisfied in your own mind, barring totally unforeseeable situations, that the City is under control?

Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Mathias, I am satisfied that as a result of the plans that have been laid for some period of time and the refinements that have occurred in recent weeks, in which all of us have had an opportunity to participate, not only Chief Layton and Assistant Chief Wilson, but many of the people in other units, lower ranking people in the Department, that we are well prepared, that we have an improved alert system, that our intelligence efforts are better than they have ever been before, and that we have a good meeting of the minds on the necessity for supplementing our own forces.

First of all, bringing our own forces up to greater strength, should that become necessary, by extending the workday from eight to 12 hours, and cancelling days off, if necessary, and putting the National Guard on a militia status.

Then beyond that, the potential for having Military units very close by, and even pre-positioned if it becomes necessary for us to handle very large crowds, or if it is necessary for us to make many arrests. So that we are considering, Mr. Mathias, not only a response to any disorder or violence, but all of the preventative steps that could be taken by our own Department and the National Guard and the Military, so we can be in the best possible posture for any eventuality. Mr. DowDY. There was a quorum call on. I will be willing to come back tomorrow.

Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Chairman, I can conclude in about 60 seconds. Mr. Murphy, now, I direct this equally to Chief Layton: is there any request that you have to make of this Committee? Is there anything which we, as Members of the Congress, Members of the House District Committee, could do to promote a more efficient and better job?

Mr. MURPHY. One piece of legislation currently pending that we support is the bill concerning our police reserve. The police reserve officers volunteered their services; however, they must purchase their own uniforms and they are not protected by insurance of any kind. We think that would be of assistance to us.

It would strengthen our community support and participation. We would be happy, Mr. Congressman, to submit any further thoughts that could be developed in our discussions.

Mr. MATHIAS. Chief, do you have anything?

Chief LAYTON. No, sir, I don't right at the moment. I think a good deal of our planning-some requests that we feel we should make-go to the appropriations Committee, of course. We have made some of those desires known in the area of legislation.

Mr. MATHIAS. Maybe we can help you indirectly with the Appropriations Committee. Secretary McGiffert, are you satisfied as far as liaison with the Military?

Mr. McGIFFERT. Yes, I am.

Mr. MATHIAS. Do you have any request that you make of this Committee?

Mr. McGIFFERT. No, not at the moment, although we may in due course have a request that concerns improving the laws which provide protection for National Guard personnel.

Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Bress, is there any action this Committee ought to take which would promote more prompt administration of justice in the District, which would be helpful? I will ask Mr. Whitener to join with me in putting on his other hat has as a member of the Judiciary Committee.

Mr. BRESS. There is some legislation pending now which I think would be helpful to law enforcement if some of its were adopted. Mr. MATHIAS. Would you give us a memorandum of that so we can put it in the record?

I think it would be helpful if we could have that so that we can make your request part of this record. (See p. 86.)

Mr. WHITENER. I would just like to make this observation in view of what Mr. Murphy has said that some of us here on this Committee two or three years ago, as I am sure Chief Layton will remember, undertook to enact legislation which would create a reserve police force, which would give those reserve officers when on active duty the right to carry a gun and other necessary weapons, and which would have provided for some sort of workmen's compensation-type of coverage in the event of injury.

We met nothing but resistance from the District Building on that proposal at the time. I am not talking about from the Police Department, but I am talking about those in charge of the Department. Now, it comes as quite a surprise to me that you gentlemen are recommending, as I understood what you just said, that we do exactly that, that they be called into duty when they are needed, and that they have this insurance protection.

The Corporation Counsel and the then District Commission seemed to think it was not the thing to do. So perhaps some of us have been ahead of some of the folks down there.

I might say that we had members of the reserve or auxiliary police who were most interested in the legislation and who were utterly shocked at the opposition.

Mr. Dowdy. I was, too.

We will come back again. Some haven't had a chance to ask questions. I will come back tomorrow afternoon if any of you wish to do so. We are trying to adjourn this hearing.

Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Chairman, I know there are other Members who have questions they want to ask. I suggest that we start another day next week. I can come tomorrow if it suits the Members, but I understand we have another hearing scheduled tomorrow.

Mr. DOWDY. I mean tomorrow afternoon.

Mr. WHITENER. Why don't we come back at 2:00 o'clock today?

Mr. JACOBS. If I may make a suggestion, I had a few questions that I wanted to ask. But if the other members who are pending would agree with me, I think that there has been a lot of talk about tying the hands of the police.

I would be very happy to yield my prerogative to ask questions so we can stop tying the hands of the police by pulling them off their jobs.

Mr. DowDY. We are trying to untie the hands of the police. They have been tied for too long, and that is one of the purposes for this hearing. We will adjourn, subject to call.

Numerous newspaper clippings, letters, and editorials will be inserted in the record.

(The material referred to follows:)

RESOLUTION OF FEDERATION OF CITIZENS ASSOCIATIONS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, FEBRUARY 8, 1968

WHEREAS: A Director of Public Safety of the District of Columbia has recently been appointed, having, among other duties, supervision over the Metropolitan Police Department, and

WHEREAS: Wholesale changes in practices and administrative personnel have been made, and further changes have been announced, and

WHEREAS: Announcement of these changes has been accompanied by public criticism of methods, practices and personnel of a Police Department which has been generally recognized as one of the best in the Country, and

WHEREAS: The methods used in announcing these changes have unnecessarily and brutally embarrassed present officers of the Department, and

WHEREAS: These actions have had a devastating effect on the morale of members of the Police Department and have aroused unprecedented indignation on the part of responsibile citizens and organizations in our community, tending to destroy confidence in the integrity of the top leadership of the Department, and this at a time when a further build up in tensions is a possibility this spring, NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED: By the Federation of Citizens Assocations of the District of Columbia in meeting assembled this eighth day of February, 1968, that it deplores most strongly the unwise, capricious and arbitrary methods used to date in effecting changes in the Metropolitan Police Department, and

FURTHER BE IT RESOLVED: That copies of this resolution be sent Police Chief John B. Layton, the Chairmen of House and Senate District Committees, the President of the United States, the Commissioner of the District, the Attorney General of the United States, and the Washington Daily Newspapers and the Director of Public Safety.

Mrs. ERNEST W. HOWARD, Chairman, Police and Fire Committee, Federation of Citizens Associations of the District of Columbia.

CAPITOL HILL SOUTHEAST CITIZENS ASSOCIATION, INC.

RESOLUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING PUBLIC INFORMATION ON CRIME IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Whereas, the Capitol Hill Southeast Citizens Association for a long time has believed that one of the major reasons for the continuing increase in crime in the District of Columbia is that the criminal and the would-be criminal have been convinced that the police would not be solidly backed up in a strict per