The transfer of large-scale policy models is not as inexpensive, portable, or effective as it should be to constitute a solution to policy decisions. Alternatives to actual transfer include model audits and indirect interaction through remote access, reconstruction of the model with better software, and a broader acceptance of and budgeting for modeling by users who will then participate in the process. 16 references. (DCK)

5396

Energy-model comparison: an overview. Sweeney, J.L. (Stanford Univ., CA). pp 191-217 of Large-scale energy models: prospects and potential. Thrall, R.M.; Thompson, R.G.; Holloway, M.L. (eds.). Boulder, CO; Westview Press, Inc. (1983). (CONF-800111-).

From Annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; San Francisco, CA, USA (3 Jan 1980).

Organization and manipulation of complex data bases always requires models of some sort, and all models, being of necessity simplications, are imperfect. Systematic model comparisons can produce benefits through the identification of errors, clarification of disagreements, and guidance for model selection. Model comparison categories include methods and equations, forecast, aggregate behavior, and model regeneration. Modeling-the-model helps to structure and to communicate these comparison results. 21 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.

5397 Quantitative modeling: needs and shortfalls for energy analysis. Holt, C.C. (Univ. of Texas, Austin). pp 219230 of Large-scale energy models: prospects and potential. Thrall, R.M.; Thompson, R.G.; Holloway, M.L. (eds.). Boulder, CO; Westview Press, Inc. (1983). (CONF800111-).

From Annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; San Francisco, CA, USA (3 Jan 1980).

This chapter provides an overview of our energy problems, the needs for quantitative modeling, the characteristics of an ideal approach to evaluation, and an assessment of the present state-ofthe-art of energy models. Improvements should be a better response to price-induced changes, reflect costs and benefits of political decisions, ciarify the respective responsibilities for public and private decision-makers, and continue financial and institutional support for modeling. 9 references.

2902 Economics And Sociology

REFER ALSO TO CITATION(S) 5389, 5392, 5456, 5480, 5481, 5482, 5513, 5521, 5529, 5599, 5607, 5633, 5661, 5673, 5674, 5785, 5796, 5802, 5853, 5869

5398

(DOE/EIA-0347(82-83)) Indexes and estimates of domestic well drilling costs, 1982 and 1983. (USDOE Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Oil and Gas). Sep 1983. 88p. NTIS, PC A05/MF A01 GPO. Order Number DE83018223.

Estimated well drilling and completion costs and indexes for 13 onshore geographical areas of the United States are presented for oil wells, gas wells, and dry holes. Service wells are not included. The EIA-developed procedure for making these estimates utilizes the historical drilling costs data published annually by the Joint Association Survey (JAS) in conjunction with specified cost variables that also could be determined by EIA on the same historic basis. The procedure was used to project 1982 and 1983 costs for wells drilled to selected-representative depths. Individual cost and index tables are presented by type of well, geographical area and depth, along with a plot of the drilling costs for the most commonly drilled depth during 1981. There are three appendixes. Appendix A presents historical plots of the values of the specified cost variables. Appendix B shows the difference between the reported JAS data and estimated 1981 drilling costs. Appendix C lists the API well completion statistics and tabulations of revised hole production factors.

5400

(NP-3910799) Federal regulatory framework: effects on mineral exploration, and mine development on domestic public and private lands. (Whitney (John W.), Inc., Reno, NV (USA)). 1977. 54p. NTIS, PC A04/MF A01. Order Number DE83910799.

Portions are illegible in microfiche products.

This report evaluates the relationship between the federal regulatory environment as expressed by federal land management laws, federal environmental laws, and federal health and safety laws, and mineral exploration and mine development on federal and non-federal lands in the United States. Some of the background information required to prepare an assessment that examines constraints on non-federal minerals accessibility in the United States resulting fron federal laws, policies, and practices is included. The federal regulatory framework affects mineral exploration and mine development for locateable, leasable, and disposable minerals on both public and private lands. This paper identifies probable commodity effects, exploration effects, and mine development effects. This report focuses heavily on the effects of the regulatory framework on mining industry functions, especially at the mineral exploration stage. The regulatory framework is analyzed in three parts: the first describes the problem in terms of mineral demand, supply and the supply development process; the second describes the regulatory framework and its effects on mineral supply development by mineral commodity group as well as effects on mineral exploration and mine development; the third summarizes the findings and presents the conclusions drawn from those findings. 14 references, 5 figures, 11 tables.

5402

Frameworks for analyzing the effects of risk and environmental regulations on productivity. Viscusi, W.K. (Duke Univ., Durham, NC). American Economic Review; 73: No. 4, 793-801(Sep 1983).

Three separate effects of regulatory policies on enterprise decisions can be distinguished. First, increased regulatory penalties will diminish output and profits in static models or, equivalently, in multiperiod models in which investments are completely reversible, as is well known. Second, if investment commitments are irreversible, there will be an additional effect of a known schedule of changes in the regulatory policy, which will depress output even further. Finally, the addition of uncertainty with regard to regulatory policy produces a third effect resulting in expected opportunity losses for firms. Both output and quality investments will be depressed by regulatory policy lotteries. Regulations influence current enterprise decisions not only through their current level, but through their expected future level and the degree of uncertainty regarding these future regulatory policies. 9 references, 1 figure.

function of the degree of risk. From the standpoint of a common stockholder's position, the author presents a detailed study of risk perspectives and comparisons focusing on fluctuating risks that various utilities have carried over an 18-year period. His findings will aid utility owners in the judgmental process of assessing the impact of their risk exposure in the marketplace. 14 references, 4 tables.

5404

US industrial strategy: what directions should it take. Quinn, J.B. (Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH). Sloan Management Review; 24: No. 4, 3-21(Sum 1983).

The declining performance of the US manufacturing sector has been the subject of increasing public concern in recent years. This article examines the current state of US manufacturing: its strengths, weaknesses, and potential for the future. The author calls for the development of a new industrial strategy and describes the private sector-government cooperation that will be needed to bring it to fruition. 36 references, 5 figures, 4 tables.

5406 Zero norm for utility financial performance. Merrett, A.J.; Newbould, G.D. Public Utilities Fortnightly; 111: No. 13, 20-24(23 Jun 1983).

A new concept and tool in financial analysis has been introduced within the past year by the authors. The concept has been heralded as offering possibilities for significant improvements in practical investment analysis. One of its consequences was a demonstration of the illusory nature of much so-called corporate growth. This article was written to show the particular relevance of the concept of cash equivalents per share to regulated utility companies. 2 figures, 5 tables.

5407 Beyond the rhetoric of rural development participation: how can it be done. Gow, D.D. (Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, DC); Vansant, J. World Development; 11: No. 5, 427-446(May 1983).

Although beneficiary participation occupies a prominent place in the rhetoric of rural development, attempts actually to achieve it have a much less-notable record. This essay examines reasons for this disappointing history and suggests eight elements that can be used to improve the practice. Two cases are used to illustrate the potential of the approach, and ways to manage it. The authors conclude that, for participation to succeed, redistributing power must be accompanied by the simultaneous building of local capabilities. 61 references.

5408

Peak-load pricing and capacity planning with demand and supply uncertainty. Chao, H.P. (Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA). Bell Journal of Economics; 14: No. 1, 179-190(Spr 1983).

The peak-load pricing problem has been discussed quite extensively in the literature. Central to the problem is the choice of output capacity and price for a basically nonstorable commodity such as electricity. This article considers both uncertain demand and uncertain capacity simultaneously in a simple model and generalizes earlier analyses, notably in two respects. First, the author examines the demand uncertainty in a more-general framework within which previous specifications of demand uncertainty can be seen as special cases. Second, he takes explicit account of the random availability of the installed capacity. It is shown that the optimal price is a weighted average of marginal operating costs and the marginal outage cost. 20 references, 1 figure.

of cogeneration options in terms of energy and economy is outlined. A number of figures and tables illustrate the discussion. It is concluded that to assess the potential merits of a cogeneration system a number of critical steps are entailed: 1) collect data for establishing the demand spectrum and the associated costs, 2) develop cogeneration candidates, 3) set economic guidelines and criteria for the economic performance of the plant, 4) develop first order estimates for capital investment and compare with "affordable" investment per unit capacity, and 5) conduct a life cycle analysis and select optimum configurations.

5410

Energy equity for the poor: the search for fairness in federal energy-assistance policy. Manaster, K.A. (Univ. of Santa Clara, CA). Harvard Environmental Law Review; 7: No. 2, 371-428(1983).

During the past decade the federal government has pursued the goal of energy equity through two principal approaches: programs for the winterization or weatherization of the residences of poor people, and programs of direct assitance. Because of their more-immediate and visible results, direct assistance programs have received a much higher level of federal funding than have weatherization efforts. A variety of policy choices has shaped direct assistance programs through the past decade. This article attempts to provide an analysis of the premises on which these programs rest for an essential understanding and evaluation of direct assistance efforts. Analysis of these premises also helps to provide a conceptual framework in which to determine the best legislative approaches for the future. 376 references.

5411

Current issues in public-utility economics: essays in honor of James C. Bonbright. Danielsen, A.L.; Kamerschen, D.R. (eds.). Lexington, MA; D.C. Heath and Company (1983). 346p. D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, MA $34.95.

Eight of the 21 chapters of this book are based on papers presented at the first Annual University of Georgia Public Utilities Conference held in Atlanta, GA July 15-17, 1982. The remaining chapters were solicited from other prominent individuals in the public-utilities field. A separate Abstract was prepared for each of 14 papers in scope for the Energy Data Base (EDB) and Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis (EAPA).

5412

Taxation and the economic health of regulated utilities in a world of inflation: selected elements. Harriss, C.L. (Columbia Univ., New York, NY). pp 227-233 of Current issues in public-utility economics: essays in honor of James C. Bonbright. Danielsen, A.L.; Kamerschen, D.R. (eds.). Lexington, MA; D.C. Heath and Company (1983).

Corporate income and general property taxes on public utilities represent a hidden tax against consumers that can also affect the use of existing facilities and the long-term quality of service. When costs of government are included in utility rates, there is an added complexity and an added burden which consumers may resist as rates increase. Inflation and regulatory lag introduce further complications. Efforts at tax reform include depreciation allowances to offset inflation, taxation on a unit basis, and a restructuring of tax property that shifts taxes to land from real and personal property. (DCK)

5413

Market environment for utility securities. Osbon, A.D. (Donaldson, Lufkin, and Jenrette, Inc., New York, NY). pp 235-247 of Current issues in public-utility economics: essays in honor of James C. Bonbright. Danielsen, A.L.; Kamerschen, D.R. (eds.). Lexington, MA; D.C. Heath and Company (1983).

This chapter concentrates on electric-utility securities because electric utilities tend to do about two-thirds of the external financing of the overall utility industry. In particular, it concentrates on the equity or common stock market for electric utilities because the equity investor is at the greatest risk. The author analyzes the effects of inflation, high capital costs, and heavy capital requirements for new utility construction, combined with a regulatory establishment that has significantly reduced the attractiveness of utility securities. The new direction of economic policy of reducing inflation, however, offers promise for business in general and

utilities in particular. Its emphasis on enhancing capital formation and on improving the cost-effectiveness of energy and environmental regulations are also promising objectives. 2 references, 7 tables.

5414 Verified scientific findings. Bullinger, M.G. Gewerbearchiv; No. 4, 119-121(Apr 1982). (In German).

In this essay, the author attempts to enlighten the reader as to the meaning of the term "verified scientific findings" in section 13, sub-section 1, sentence 2 of the new Chemicals Control Law. The examples given are the generally accepted regulations in regards to technology (that is sections 7a and 18b of the WHG (law on water economy), section 3, sub-section 1 of the machine- and engine protection laws) and to the status of technology (section 3, sub-section 6 of the BImSchG (Fed. law on prevention of air-borne pollution)), and to the status of science (section 5, sub-section 2 of the AMG (drug legislation). The "status of science and technology" as defined in sections 4 ff of the Atomic Energy Law (AtomG) and in sections 3, 4, 12, 2) of the First Radiation Protection Ordinance (1.StrlSch. VO), is also discussed. The author defines the in-his-opinion "dynamic term" as the generally recognized result of scientific research, and the respective possibilities of practical utilization of technology.

5415

Audubon energy plan. Paulson, G. Industrial Development; 151: No. 1, 33-36(Jan-Feb 1982).

The Audubon Energy Plan, prepared by the National Audubon Society, is based on the premise that the US can greatly expand its GNP by the year 2000 without an increase in energy needs through the increased efficient use of available energy resources. The Audubon goal is to strive for an economically feasible balance of oil needs, environmental needs, economic needs, and national-security needs. The Plan is summarized and ideas are postulated as to how the nation will progress if the Plan is followed. 2 tables.

Thesis (Ph. D.).

This study examines the interrelationship between the energy sector and the production of three agricultural crops (sugar, macadamia nut, and coffee) by small growers on the Big Island of Hawaii. Specifically, it attempts: to explore the patterns of energy use in agriculture; to determine the relative efficiency of fuel use by farm size among the three crops; and to investigate the impacts of higher energy costs on farmers' net revenues under three outputprice and three energy-cost scenarios. To meet these objectives, a linear-programming model was developed. The objective function was to maximize net revenues subject to resource availability, production, marketing, and non-negativity constraints. The major conclusions emerging are: higher energy costs have not significantly impacted on farmers' net revenues, but do have a differential impact depending on the output price and resource endowments of each crop grower; farmers are faced with many constraints that do not permit factor substitution. For policy formulation, it was observed that policy makers are overly concerned with the problems facing growers at the macro level, without considering their constraints at the micro level. These micro factors play a dominant role in resource allocation. They must, therefore, be incorporated into a comprehensive energy and agricultural policy at the county and state level.

lopment in Iran by focusing on the dynamics of change in the country since the turn of the nineteenth century. The forces of change in Iran are seen to be the consequence of such external pressure on the one hand and internal resistance to it on the other. This resistance is analyzed in terms of the country's social class structure and its changing formation. The focus of the study, however, is on the fundamental class nature of change in Iran since the development of dependent capitalism began in the early 1960s. The study recognizes the interests of the United States as the single outside force most directly related to the formation of the Shah's regime as a repressive client state: the most-significant impetus for change in the country since 1963. Analyzed in detail are the economic changes of this period and the rising social and political contradictions which were the inevitable consequence of this process. The central feature of these contradictions is recognized as the promotion of capitalist relations of production motivated by the preservation of the political control of the Shah's regime. It is precisely in this context that the uprising of 1979, its success in overthrowing the Shah's regime, and its failure in maintaining a democratic revolutionary process is discussed.

5418 Energy price shocks, and short-run aggregate supply: the evidence from five industrialized countries. Nasseh, A. East Lansing, MI; Michigan State Univ. (1982). 157p. University Microfilms Order No. 83-03,833.

Thesis (Ph.D.).

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of large increases in the price of energy since 1973 on the economies of the main industrialized countries. To this end, a model of shortrun aggregate supply with explicit treatment of energy prices was developed. The author concentrated on the supply side of the economy since the important effects of energy prices on macroeconomic activity occur largely through aggregate supply. The model was estimated and simulated for five industrial countries; the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Large increases in the price of energy were found to have had substantial disruptive effects on the economies of most of the countries examined. In particular, the energy price shocks generated a sizable inflationary pressure in the US, Canada, UK, and Germany. Furthermore, the adverse effects of higher energy prices on labor productivity, real wages, the capital utilization rate, and energy consumption were found to be significant and similar across countries, except for France. In the German economy, the effects of higher energy prices appear to be relatively larger than elsewhere, while the effects in the US, Canada, and the UK are similar but smaller than those in Germany. In France, energy price shocks do not appear to have had a significant effect on the economy.

Thesis (Ph. D.).

This dissertation examines the post-war evolution and development of energy policies in Canada and Mexico. It assesses key policy initiatives in the light of dependency theory, economic theories, theories of state-owned enterprise, and a variety of theories of the state. It systematically critiques these theories and offers in their place an alternative theory of political risk aversion. In support of this theory, it is argued that policies are best explained by a common desire by political elites in these two countries to alleviate direct threats to their own tenure and to the survival of political institutions of which they are members. It is demonstrated that despite profound economic, social, and political differences that distinguish Canada and Mexico, political elites have behaved in identical ways and, moreover, that policy outcomes in energy have been remarkably similar. Although the focus is on energy policies, it considers them within the broader economic and political setting, and draws parallels with other policy areas such as macroeconomic policy, investment policy, trade policy, social policy, and foreign policy.

An urban strategist looks at the patterns of urban energy use through history and offers a blueprint for urban survival in a resource-conscious age. Morris follows the evolution of American cities from self-sufficient frontier villages to compact city cores, which vanished when the automobile created suburban towns without centers, separated home from workplace, and removed the production of goods from their consumption. Transmission of electricity at nominal cost brought energy across increasing distances for energy-hungry consumers. Since the 1973 oil embargo, communities have faced the twin problems of rising energy costs and deepening resource shortages. Morris envisions a near-future city where production and consumption are closely linked and where the wastes of one process are the raw materials of another. 87 references, 4 figures, 3 tables.

5421 Capital-asset funding for local governments. Nadel, D.A. (International Inst. of Leasing, Miami, FL). pp 474481 of Community energy strategies. Washington, DC; National League of Cities; National Association of Counties (1982). (CONF-8208143-).

From Community energy strategies conference; Knoxville, TN, USA (29 Aug 1982).

Local governments need new, less-expensive financing tools for capital assets to replace municipal-bond issues. A review of some new opportunities made available by the Tax Recovery Act of 1981 examines several forms of leasing and installment arrangements. The example of a cogeneration-system investment illustrates how non-bond financing can be advantageous to both the city and the manufacturer. (DCK)

2903 Environment, Health, And Safety

REFER ALSO TO CITATION(S) 5402, 5414, 5415, 5467, 5469, 5472, 5497, 5517, 5523, 5670, 5680, 5682, 5689, 5702, 5739, 5815, 5858

5422

(ANL/ES—133) Effects of relaxing automobile emission standards: a generic analysis and an urban case study. Saricks, C.L.; Singh, M.K.; LaBelle, S.J.; Novak, K.M.; Rowe, M.D. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)). Jan 1983. Contract W-31-109-ENG-38. 145p. NTIS, PC A07/MF A01. Order Number DE84000193.

Policy impact modeling procedures were used to assess the effects of relaxing automotive emission standards for carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x/) through 1986 to those levels in effect for 1980 model-year automobiles. These effects were compared with those resulting from retention of the current, morestringent emission standards with respect to automobile characterization (the effect of emission control equipment on vehicle cost and performance), distribution of automobile stock and sales by size class and technology, urban travel demand, and total energy consumption. A specific metropolitan area was further analyzed to estimate total vehicle emissions, project average ambient concentrations of NO/sub x/, and examine the NO/sub x/-related health effects resulting from the relaxation of emission standards. Among the principal findings of the assessment was the identification of a powerful latent market for cost-competitive vehicles with lower operating costs than comparable gasoline- or diesel-powered cars but only slightly inferior performance. The potential availability of such vehicles in the near future increases the likelihood of a continuing reduction in petroleum-fuel-related vehicular emission, although such a reduction was not explicitly credited in the analysis. The NO/sub x/ analysis showed that NO/sub x/ concentrations harmful to health generally occurred only in houses with gas stoves or in the interiors of vehicles in dense traffic. Retention of the current NO/sub x/ standards could produce an 18% decrease in health effects for vehicle occupants.

about energy use and environmental quality. A summary of the author's fuel status report and seven recommendations for further work appear in the appendix. 88 references, 3 figures.

5424

(CONF-8210168-, pp 93-102) New evidence on acid rain from elemental tracers. Rahn, K.A. (Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston). 1982. NTIS, PC A13/MF A01. Order Number DE83014854.

From 10. annual Illinois energy conference; Chicago, IL, USA (13 Oct 1982).

Evidence from the tracking of long-range air-pollution movement shows that groups of states are the appropriate unit for control measures. Although a regional approach is reasonable, blaming long-distance transport for all pollution effects may be an overstatement. The complexity of the Northeast area, especially the coastal megalopolis area, suggests that subregions should be considered in order to be fair. Aerosol transport illustrates how seasonal shifts in air movement raise questions about the origins of some pollutants. Elemental tracer techniques will help to determine if oxidation from aerosols is a factor in acid rain. 7 references. (DCK)

5425

(CONF-8210168-, pp 103-112) Understanding acid rain. Oppenheimer, M. (Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY). 1982. NTIS, PC A13/MF A01. Order Number DE83014854.

From 10. annual Illinois energy conference; Chicago, IL, USA (13 Oct 1982).

The author reviews current scientific understanding of acid deposition, with particular attention given to recent scientific evidence on the relationship between pollutant emissions and acid deposition. On the basis of his research and that of others, he concludes that reductions in sulfur emissions will lead to nearly comparable reductions in acidic sulfur deposition over the eastern US. He also concludes that long-range transport of sulfur pollutants over many hundreds of miles is a major source of acid deposition over parts of the Northeast. 32 references.

5426

(CONF-8210168-, pp 113-114) Potential constraint on Illinois coal. Poundstone, W.N. 1982. NTIS, PC A13/MF A01. Order Number DE83014854.

From 10. annual Illinois energy conference; Chicago, IL, USA (13 Oct 1982).

The potential constraints on Illinois coal development because of acid rain must weigh economic as well as environmental factors. The accelerating rate of new evidence casting doubt on some earlier claims that Midwest utilities are the source of the problem suggests that passage of the Mitchell amendment to the Clean Air Act may place a heavy economic burden on the Ohio Valley without solving the problem. (DCK)

5427

(EPA-450/3-80-038b) Bulk gasoline terminals: background information for promulgated standards. (Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (USA). Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards). Aug 1983. 186p. NTIS, PC A09/MF A01. Order Number DE83910861.

Standards of performance to control volatile organic compound emissions from new, modified, and reconstructed bulk gasoline terminal loading racks are being promulgated under the authority of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. This document contains a detailed summary of the public comments on the proposed standards (45 FR 83126), responses to these comments and a summary of the changes to the proposed standards.

EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 12 / 704

nature of injury, occupation, and bituminous or anthracite coal. Correlative information on employment, worktime, and operating activity also is presented. For ease of correlation between coal mining and the metal and nonmetal mineral mining industries, summary reference tabulations are included at the end of the report. Data used in compiling this report were reported by operators of coal mines and preparation plants on a mandatory basis as required under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, Public Law 91-173 as amended by Public Law 95-164. Since January 1, 1978, operators of mines or preparation plants or both which are subject to the Act have been required under 30 CFR, Part 50 to submit reports of injuries, occupational illnesses, and related data. Only data reported by operators are utilized in this report. Occurrences identified as occupational illnesses by mine operators were reported to MSHA and were processed in accordance with 30 CFR Part 50.20-6. The reported illnesses are summarized in seven categories for each work location, kind of coal, and State. Incidence rates and severity measures are not computed for occupational illnesses.

5429

(NP-3902952) Factors associated with disabling injuries in underground coal mines. (Department of Labor, Washington, DC (USA); Mine Safety and Health Administration, Arlington, VA (USA)). Jun 1982. 76p. NTIS, PC A05/MF A01. Order Number DE83902952.

Portions are illegible in microfiche products.

This study compared conditions, practices, and attitudes at underground bituminous coal mines having low injury incidence rates with those found at mines having high injury incidence rates. Several characteristics common to many of the low incidence rate mines that differentiate them from those having high incidence rates were identified. (1) Training programs: adequate and relevant training materials; qualified instructors; restricted classroom size to encourage student participation; and tailored to meet individual miner needs. (2) Management/labor relations tend to have a positive impact upon a mine's accident and injury experience when: both management and labor have a positive attitude toward safety and health; open lines of communication permit management and labor to jointly reconcile problems affecting safety and health; representatives of labor become actively involved in issues concerning safety, health and production; and management and labor identify and accept their joint responsibility for correcting unsafe conditions and practices. (3) Safety and health conditions are improved when: standard operating procedures are established, understood, and implemented; management equitably enforces established policies concerning absenteeism, job assignments, and standard operating procedures; formal safety and health programs are communicated to all employees and subsequently implemented by management and labor; safety department has top management support in terms of funds, manpower, and the authority necessary to implement the safety and health program; mine plans are thoroughly reviewed by management, labor, and MSHA to insure that such plans incorporate measures to adequately control the physical environment of a coal mine; and MSHA inspection activity is most effective when the inspectors encourage increased cooperative interaction between themselves, mine management, and labor.

5430

(PNL-4581) Assessment of cold-climate environmental research priorities. States, J.B. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (USA)). Apr 1983. Contract AC0676RL01830. 64p. NTIS, PC A04/MF A01. Order Number DE83017745.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has consistently recognized that cold regions pose unique environmental problems. This report sets forth the conceptual framework and research plans for several high priority research areas. It provides the fundamental basis for implementation of the EPA Cold-Ciimate Environmental Research Program. This three- to five-year program encompasses both short- and long-term research of high relevance to the EPA and to the cold regions that it serves.

controls. The panel recommends economically efficient steps, but does not specify a level for pollutant reduction. While acknowledging that current scientific information is incomplete, the panel recognizes a need to slow the acidification Process in several areas before it is irreversible. A Congressional task force also linked manmade sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions to acid rain, but did not suggest action. The Environmental Protection Agency and Congress are designing legislation for a user fee to control acid rain. The fee would add about 50 cents to each utility bill. Electric uitlities support this approach. (DCK)

5432

Industry says proposed victim compensation bills are premature. Chemical and Engineering News; 61: No. 29, 12-13(18 Jul 1983).

Several victim compensation bills have been introduced in Congress to offset the costs the chemical industry will incur in damage payments to chemical waste victims or either to tax the chemical industry to support an administrative fund set up to pay such claims. The Chemical Manufacturers Association is urging that no legislation be passed until the results of a 1 million dollar, 10-month study by the Universities Associated for Research and Education in Pathology on the health effects linked to exposure to hazardous dump sites are known. A spokesman for the industry recommended that a tax on waste end products rather than the existing Superfund practice of taxing feedstocks would serve to encourage the chemical industry to reduce the volume of waste to be landfilled. Dioxin and asbestos were cited as having the greatest potential for actual or perceived risk. 1 figure.

5433

Love Canal: insurance coverage for environmental accidents. Hurwitz, S.; Kohane, D.D. (Hurwitz and Fine, P.C., Buffalo, NY). Insurance Counsel Journal; 50: No. 3, 378-384(Jul 1983).

The authors examine the standard insurance exclusionary clause developed by the Insurance Services Office in 1970 regarding injury and property damage from pollution, specifically, its genesis, its incorporation into New York state statutes, a brief history of Love Canal and its legacy of litigation, recent interpretations by US courts, and current developments. They conclude that, in every state where the courts have contended with the pollution exclusion clause in comprehensive general liability policy, judges have interpreted it from the perspective of the expectations and intentions of the insured. The exception to sudden and accidental pollution has, in effect, been interpreted coextensively with the definition of occurrence; that contamination was gradual is of no consequence to the availability of policy protection, the courts having defined sudden as unexpected, unintended, or unprepared for. In this respect, insurance for environmental accidents continues to cover the accidental conduct of the named insured. 25 references.

5434 Water temperature-legion disease link debated. Pospisil, R. Energy User News; 8: No. 23, 1, 10(6 Jun 1983).

There is no agreement on the theory that lowering water temperatures to conserve energy may be linked to legionnaires' disease as was cited at the Ohio State University Hospital. Hospital researchers argue that the 100 to 120°F environment could create a suitable environment for the legionella micro-organism to breed. Hot-water temperatures were lowered at hospitals in accordance with a 1976 conservation guideline, which has since been revised to allow hospitals to select their own sub-scalding temperature. A heat-eradiation technique is used every three months at one Veterans Administration hospital, while others use chlorination. Skeptics note that the Ohio research did not follow pre-publication peer review before announcing the findings to the public. (DCK)

5435 Bargaining in pollution control. Downing, P.B. (Florida State Univ., Tallahassee). Policy Studies Journal; 11: No. 4, 577-586(Jun 1983).

The author uses a general model of regulatory enforcement to examine the problems in implementing current environmental regulations. He points out that most of the same economic and political-policy issues will persist and need to be resolved before an incentive-based system will be practical. Technological difficulties are also likely to carry over to an alternative approach. 17 references, 1 table. (DCK)