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EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 8 / 514

3993

Retail competition in the electric-utility industry. Hjelmfelt, D.C. Denver Law Journal; 60: No. 1, 1-16(1982). Regulation discourages competition between electric utilities that would lead to the duplication of distribution facilities or overlapping service territories. Fringe-area restraints can take the form of municipal franchise, state law, or some other form of agreement. Economists who believe that competition improves efficiency argue that regulation is inadequate as a substitute for competition and that natural monopoly theories are not always applied appropriately. Case studies confirm that the traditional assumptions are not compatible with the fact that competition between publicly-owned and investor-owned utilities has led to lower prices and increased sales. 1 figure. (DCK)

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Thesis (Ph. D.).

Two innovations were studied: an incentives program to improve power-plant productivity and use of future test periods to estimate utility costs. The study used a structured telephone survey to find out how commissioners and their staff are assessing the actual and potential impact of the innovations on their agencies' tasks, resources, environmental dependencies and goals; their attitudes and intentions towards the innovations; and the commissions' existing extent of adoption. The major findings of the study are: (1) adoption of an innovation by a commission is contingent on the type of innovation and the commission's situation at a particular time, (2) the locus of external support for an innovation aids or inhibits use, (3) the regulatory philosophy of the decision-maker at the commission is associated with attitude towards the innovation, and (4) decision makers at different levels of the commissions apply their beliefs about potential innovations differently in making up their minds about use. Commissioners focused more on issues surrounding adoption of the innovations, while staff were more concerned with the problems of implementation.

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Thesis (Ph. D.).

This paper empirically investigates the impact of rate-case applications and settlements on the common-stock returns of electric utilities. Under the rational expectations and efficient market hypothesis, only surprises should affect stock return. Since rate cases are filed and settled regularly, adjustments to the security return should occur only when a settlement is larger or smaller than expected. Sixty-five electric utilities that operate in 33 states appear in the study. There were a total of 165 rate case-applications and 190 rate case settlements for a sample period of 1975-1979. Using the traditional-market-model methodology the abnormal returns were computed for the sample for sixty days before and after the rate-case events. It was found that rate-case applications have very little impact on security returns. However, the settlements cause a definite market reaction. The market anticipates some average size settlement. When the rate-case settlement is larger or smaller than expected, there are positive and negative returns, respectively. When the settlement is very close to the average, we find very little reaction.

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Thesis (Ph. D.).

A putty-clay model is developed for thermal-electric power generation where the heterogeneous characteristics of the capital equipment are explicitly represented. Engineering-design specifications and thermodynamics principles are employed to link increases in process efficiency to embodied technical change. This information is used to elect a set of design characteristics which define classes, or cells, of technologically homogeneous generating units. The model is used to examine changes in the production function across different technologies. Technical change is found to influence the parameter values of the ex post input requirements func

tions rather than to simply displace these functions in a neutral fashion. Within each cell, the savings in fuel (the dominant input) which result from increases in capacity decline as the size of a generating unit approaches maximum capacity within the cell. This suggests that changes in technology were required before further increases in capacity could be economically justified. There is also evidence that the scale of certain units was expanded beyond the level warranted by the associated savings in fuel and labor.

3997

Regulatory bias in establishing fair rates of return for electric public utilities: an empirical test based on the Capital-Asset Pricing Model. Fay, J.W. Washington, DC; Georgetown Univ. (1981). 179p. University Microfilms Order No. 82-18,302.

Thesis (Ph. D.).

The objective of this study was to compare the impact of an electric utility's request for a rate increase with the change in the prices of its shares traded on the NYSE relative to the changes in the values of all shares traded on the Exchange during the same period. The hypothesis tested was whether within an efficient market framework requests before regulatory bodies for rate increases by public utilities would have a neutral, positive, or negative impact on the requesting firms' common stock prices. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was used as the analytic tool for testing the hypothesis. A sample of 28 electric utilities whose common stocks were listed on the NYSE and who requested rate increases in excess of $5 million in 1977 were used as the data base. The results of the analysis suggest that capital markets react negatively to requests by regulated firms for rate increases. This is interpreted to mean that regulatory bodies as a whole are not likely to grant rates of return equal to the current cost of equity capital but rather to grant returns that are lower. Hence, capital markets systematically reduce the price of securities in order to compensate for the anticipated reduction in the allowed rate of return relative to the equilibrium cost of capital.

2980 Consumption And Utilization

REFER ALSO TO CITATION(S) 3473, 3515, 3727, 3730, 3781

3998

(ANL/ES—130) Technology assessment of productive conservation in urban transportation. Final report. LaBelle, S.J.; Moses, D.O. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)). Nov 1982. Contract W-31-109-ENG-38. 492p. NTIS, PC A21/MF A01. Order Number DE83012179.

Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.

Two strategies for the productive conservation of energy in urban transportation were compared to a reference situation in three typical cities in two plausible socio-economic scenarios; the reference case assumed as extension of transportation policies in place in 1980. Travel patterns, revenues and costs, and vehicle purchases were forecast; the resulting impacts on the physical environment, use of energy and materials, the economy, and health and safety were examined. The Group Travel Strategy, which included substantial additions to transit service, transit fare reductions, and gasoline and parking tax increases, yielded slightly higher energy savings than did the Individual Travel Strategy. The latter strategy raised average new car fuel economy steadily until the year 2000 and changed nothing else relative to the In-Place Policy. By 2000, assuming steady fuel price increases, the projected savings in total energy use under both strategies exceeded the savings projected under the In-Place Policy, where total energy use declined 16 to 34% from 1980 levels. The nature of the energy used for urban transportation changed significantly by 2000. In all situations, indirect energy use rose to about 40% of the total from the 1980 value of 24%. The environmental impacts varied by strategy, with Group Travel Strategy impacts in general more benign.

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From Transportation Research Board annual meeting; Washington, DC, USA (17 Jan 1983).

Demand-reduction alternatives that carriers (truck, rail, air, inland waterway) could logically adopt during a fuel emergency are examined and the fuel savings attributable to their use are quantified. Areas for improvement in fuel efficiency may be classified as systemwide (increasing load factors, reducing congestion) or vehicle/operation-specific (adapting available technologies, improving maintenance, changing operating practices). However, fixed and variable non-fuel costs could increase such that, for a given alternative (e.g., phased advance technology retrofit) the payback period could exceed the duration of any shortfall, and the investment thus could not be justified on the basis of the shortfall alone. Specific alternatives under each of the five general areas listed above are considered for each mode and a percentage reduction in fuel consumption estimated, based on reported effectiveness and the expected degree to which such measures would be adopted systemwide. An aggregate estimate of petroleum savings (roughly 4 to 8%) was found to be attributable to demand reduction alternatives that could be adopted by freight carriers without drastically curtailing service. As carriers move toward improved fuel efficiency as an integral aspect of normal operations, the potential for reducing fuel demand will decline in the future.

4000

(DOE/CS/24448-T2) Vanpooling for profit: a business opportunity. Schuck, L.; Welch, B. (Alliance to Save Energy, Washington, DC (USA)). Aug 1982. Contract FG01-80CS24448. 55p. NTIS, PC A04/MF A01. Order Number DE83012276.

Questions to ask and calculations to make to judge whether a vanpool is a practical business are detailed. The need for the service and the regulatory barriers are discussed. Financial calculations involving business and tax planning include calculating the cash flow for each year of the operation. (MHR)

4001

(DOE/CS/54277-T1) Technical and economic feasibility of electric tractors in US agriculture. Gesell, P. (comp.). (Georgia Univ., Athens (USA); Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames (USA); Rutgers--the State Univ., New Brunswick, NJ (USA); South Dakota State Univ., Brookings (USA); Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg (USA); Virginia State Coll., Petersburg (USA)). [nd]. Contract AI01-78CS54277. 186p. NTIS, PC A09/MF A01. Order Number DE83011582.

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The current energy use patterns on selected farms were identified. Models of electric-powered vehicles for both the near term and long term were specified. Five possible scenarios of price increases, net of inflation, for various power sources as well as fertilizers and pesticides were projected. The impacts of electric vehicles on different US farms in 1980 under the specified technical and current economic conditions were assessed. The impacts of electric vehicles on US farms were projected under various economic scenarios for 1990. (MHR)

4002

(DOE/PE/70039-T1) Assessment of factors affecting industrial electricity demand. Final report. (Mathtech, Inc., Arlington, VA (USA); Carhart Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA (USA); Cook (Alvin A.) Associates, Inc., McLean, VA (USA)). [nd]. Contract AC01-80PE70039. 194p. NTIS, PC A09/MF A01. Order Number DE83013023.

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The principal factors that affect industrial electric demand have been identified and discussed. In a review of forecasting methods and models, including ISTUM and ORIM and the models they are used with we find that most models do not deal directly with some important factors. Thus, there is considerable uncertainty in the forecasts produced with these models. Despite these shortcomings, it was possible to evaluate the sensitivity of the model results to several of the principal factors and to reach some overall conclusions about future growth of industrial electric demand.

4003

(DOE/PE/70274-T3) Analysis of the electricutility industry in the US: an assessment of the economic and rate impacts of building additional powerplants. (ICF, Inc., Washington, DC (USA)). Fal 1982. Contract AC0181PE70274. 120p. NTIS, PC A06/MF A01. Order Number DE83011543.

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The purpose of this analysis is to examine the economic and financial implications of utilities seeking to defer or cancel new coal-fired or nuclear powerplants. This analysis is a companion product of other ICF analyses which examine the overall condition of the financial and economic situation of the electric utility industry in the US. As such, this analysis is limited in focus in that it examines the specific issue of the deferral or cancellation of new specific coal-fired and/or nuclear capacity, much of which is presently under construction. Related issues are addressed in the other analytic products and efforts presented in separate reports submitted by ICF and others to DOE.

4004

(DOE/PE/70274-T4) Analysis of the electric utility industry in the US: an assessment of the relative costs of overbuilding vs. underbuilding generating capacity and a review of the death spiral hypothesis. (ICF, Inc., Washington, DC (USA)). Apr 1983. Contract AC01-81PE70274. 38p. NTIS, PC A03/MF A01. Order Number DE83013017. The purpose of this analysis is to focus attention upon uncertainties regarding future electricity demand growth and the impacts of these uncertainties on a utility's investment decisions in new generating capacity, its operating costs, and electricity rates. In particular, two related issues are addressed: (1) There are costs associated with building too much or too little capacity relative to the demand for electricity that actually develops in the future. The level of these costs and who pays them are major considerations when a utility decides to build new powerplants. This is referred to as the over/under problem. (2) In light of recent trends toward rapid increases in the costs of building new powerplants, coupled with declining rates of growth in demand, some utility and energy analysts have hypothesized a death spiral syndrome, or spiral of impossibility. Briefly, the hypothesis is that the high capital costs of a new baseload power plant will increase rates significantly, causing the demand for electricity to fall, so that the capital costs will have to be spread over fewer units of electricity. This raises prices further, causing demand to fall further, and so on. The ultimate result is that the utility will never recover its capital costs and may become bankrupt.

4005

(DOT-I-82-12) Transportation energy-contingency planning: a guide for transit operators. (Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle-METRO, WA (USA); Metro Transit Energy Management Task Force, Seattle, WA (USA)). Apr 1982. 59p. Office of The Secretary of Transportation, Technology Sharing Program, Washington, DC 20590. Order Number DE83901792.

This guide is designed to help transit operators assemble workable and effective contingency plans. Although it is written primarily for the operator who is developing a plan for the first time, it also provides practical guidance for refining or updating an existing plan. In addition to this introduction, the guide consists of two chapters that present practical guidelines to help plan for and manage a crisis under two different sets of circumstances. A stepby-step approach for developing a plan in advance of a crisis is outlined. In this best of all worlds, when ample time and resources are available for looking ahead to an energy shortage, Chapter II will help an operator develop a comprehensive plan for meeting the demands of a crisis situation. On the other hand, Chapter III is designed to help an operator cope with a planner's worst nightmare: A crisis has developed overnight and the operator is caught unawares with no plan for dealing with it. This chapter presents a bare-bones approach to crisis management and will be useful to those operators who have been unable to prepare a plan in ad

vance.

4006

(NZERDC-77) Energy demand in the Wellington Central Business District. Baird, G.; Donn, M.R.; Pool, F. (New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Auckland). Feb 1983. 86p. NTIS (US Sales Only), PC A05/MF A01. Order Number DE83901714.

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The results of a study of energy consumption in the commercial buildings of the Wellington Central Business District are described. Data were collected on the energy consumption, floor area and occupancy of 1107 buildings. Surveys were conducted of a range of these buildings, with differing design and operational characteristics. The editing and amalgamating of this data, and the formation of the required computer files, is described. Due to a general paucity of data on the physical and energy-use characteristics of commercial buildings, these aspects are reported in some detail. Analysis of the data demonstrated that both the floor area and the number of occupants provide useful basis for comparison of the intensity of energy use in buildings. Categorizing premises within buildings into activity groups produced significantly different mean energy intensities for each activity and showed that different factors are associated with the energy intensity of each premises activity group. The factor most often associated with energy use for all activity groups, and apparently, therefore, the major determinant of energy use in these buildings, was the complexity and degree of centralization of the space-conditioning services. The characterisitics of the building fabric had much less direct association with actual energy use.

4007

(P-300-83-001) Technology potential for automotive fuel-economy improvement. Price, R. (California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, Sacramento (USA)). 10 Jan 1983. 121p. California Energy Commission, 1516 9th Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. Order Number DE83902065.

The potential for improved automibile fuel economy as part of the California Energy Commission's transportation fuel demand forecasting effort is evaluated. Such forecasts are required by state law. Various industry and research sources are surveyed to determine the expected time frame and fuel economy impact of advanced technologies. Technical areas addressed include: automobile aerodynamics, tire rolling resistance, transmission efficiencies, vehicle weight, and engine efficiencies. Technical improvements in these areas are projected to result in the following fuel economy gains over 1980 levels: gasoline engine efficiency 25 percent, diesel engine efficiency - 8 to 18 percent, transmission efficiency - 4 percent, weight reduction - 20 to 27 percent, aerodynamic drag reduction - 7 percent, and rolling resistance reduction - 5 percent. It is concluded that technical improvments in these areas can result in the average car achieving 45 miles per gallon by the year 2002.

4008

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(PNL-4717) Impact of conservation measures on Pacific Northwest residential energy consumption. Final report. Moe, R.J.; Owzarski, S.L.; Streit, L.P. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (USA)). Apr 1983. Contract AC06-76RL01830. 91p. NTIS, PC A05/MF A01. Order Number DE83012522.

The objective of this study was to estimate the relationship between residential space conditioning energy use and building conservation programs in the Pacific Northwest. The study was divided into two primary tasks. In the first, the thermal relationship between space conditioning energy consumption under controlled conditions and the physical characteristics of the residence was estimated. In this task, behavioral characteristics such as occupant schedules and thermostat settings were controlled in order to isolate the physical relationships. In the second task, work from the first task was used to calculate the thermal efficiency of a residence's shell. Thermal efficiency was defined as the ability of a shell to prevent escapement of heat generated within a building. The relationship between actual space conditioning energy consumption and the shell thermal efficiency was then estimated. Separate thermal equations for mobile homes, single-family residences, and multi-family residences are presented. Estimates of the relationship between winter electricity consumption for heating and the building's thermal shell efficiency are presented for each of the three building categories.

4009 Comparison of energy intensities: 1963, 1967, and 1972. Hannon, B.; Blazeck, T.; Kennedy, D.; Illyes, R. (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana). Resources and Energy; 5: No. 1, 83-102(Mar 1983).

This document develoops a compatible-sector, constantdollar, commodity-based set of economic flow (use and make) matrices for the years of 1963, 1967, and 1972. These matrices are then used to produce energy intensities for the three years. Energy intensities are the measure of the direct and indirect energy (in physical units) required to make a unit of produced good or service. These intensities are compared, and possible reasons for differences are discussed. 13 references, 8 tables.

4010

Capital-investment forecasts for industrial energy service equipment 1982-2004. Yanchar, J.M.; Rodgers, G.M. (Data Resources, Inc., Lexington, MA). Energy Economics, Policy and Management; 2: No. 3, 13-26(Win 1983).

A breakdown of industrial energy consumption and intensity into 10 major groups shows an overall 20% of fuel consumption going to total added value and a production growth rate of 3.5% in the 1980s and 2.9% in the 1990s. A life-cycle cost model of equipment investments for competing options by region shows a 40 to 60% increase in coal investments and a decline in direct-heat equipment investment. Coal will show a corresponding increase in market share for process steam generation at the expense of oil and gas by the year 2000 and about 20% of the direct-heat market. Technical constraints rather than price explain coal's uniform market penetration. 8 figures, 3 tables. (DCK)

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Thesis (Ph. D.).

A wide range of statistical techniques utilized in this project have proved to be applicable to the problem of predicting various dependent variables associated with energy consumption in singlefamily detached residences. The dependent variables studied include site line Btu's, source Btu's, equivalent kilowatt hours, and dollar cost of energy. Data for these variables were monthly gas and electric consumption for each residence. The 23 independent variables can be divided into five general categories: (1) mechanical equipment and major appliances; (2) building features; (3) respondent socio-physical descriptors; (4) respondent attitude factors; and (5) occupant characteristics.

2990 Unconventional Sources And Power Generation

REFER ALSO TO CITATION(S) 3472, 3522, 3706, 3715, 3728, 3735, 3915, 3992

4013

(CONF-820730—Summ.) Summary biomass research conference: Southeastern region. (Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL (USA)). Jul 1982. 49p. C. Order Number DE83901782.

From TVA southeast region biomass research conference; Muscle Shoals, AL, USA (12 Jul 1982).

The Tennessee Valley Authority, Auburn University, and the University of Alabama recognized that few individuals working in the biomass area in the Southeast were aware of the breadth of activities underway. Furthermore, potential exists to improve coordination and cooperation thus reducing research costs while enhancing progress. In light of these aspects, a Biomass Research Conference was organized by the three institutions. It was held on July 12-13, 1982, at TVA's National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Representatives from universities

and laboratories in southeastern States attended. This booklet contains summaries provided by the speakers of the conference and the conference program. The summaries provide guidance on ongoing research and primary contacts. The booklet also contains the keynote speech delivered by S. David Freeman of TVA's Board of Directors, and a list of participants.

4014

(CONF-830454—2) Simulation of solar subdivision addresses utility questions about integration of solar photovoltaics. Jewell, W.T. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA)). 1983. Contract W-7405-ENG-26. 19p. NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83012094.

From Southeastcon '83 IEEE Region 3 conference; Orlando, FL, USA (10 Apr 1983).

The feasibility of a proposed 100-house subdivision in which each house will have a solar photovoltaic (PV) generation system to supply part of its electric power is examined from the standpoint of the electric utility to which the systems will be connected. Problems of harmonic distortion and reactive power consumption caused by the line commutated inverters that convert the PV cells' dc output to ac are investigated. Experimental study of a demonstration home was done and the results of this study were used in a computer simulation of the entire subdivision. The computer simulation indicated that this particular subdivision should be acceptable to the utility as proposed. However, changes may be needed in the utility's capacitor switching practices, because the capacitors on the distribution feeder can significantly amplify the harmonic distortion produced by the inverters. While the numerical results of this study apply only to the proposed subdivision, there are general results applicable to many situations where harmonic sources are present on a distribution system.

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Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche producThis study was undertaken to clarify certain aspects of the institutional and legal aspects of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program. It addresses, in summary, two principal issues: (A) The legal status of OTEC power plants as vessels; and (B) Possible institutional arrangements which might be made available to further the demonstration and commercialization of OTEC power plants. Discussed are: (1) present status of OTEC Power Plants as vessels; (2) societal pros and cons of changing present Federal status; (3) recommended legislative changes; (4) Congressional committee jurisdiction; (5) possible entrepreneurial partnership; (6) alternative commercialization scenarios; and (7) detailed recommendations for changes in US domentic legal framework to foster OTEC commercialization.

4016

(DOE/ET/29147-6) Electric-utility-system planning studies for OTEC power integration by Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Final report. (Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, San Juan. Electrical Planning and Research Div.). Jun 1982. Contract AC02-79ET29147. 154p. NTIS, PC Á08/MF A01. Order Number DE83012233.

The steady-state analysis of the Puerto Rico transmission network with the OTEC unit at four alternate sites was conducted, and the economic implications of each alternative were determined. All but the site located on the east coast were found to cause abnormal flows on the benchmark system during single contingency conditions. This one exception, the Yabucoa site, required no changes or improvements to the network, while the other locations needed the addition of new circuits. The study revealed that with the OTEC plant located on the east coast where land-use policies in effect prohibit the construction of a fossil plant, significantly lower transmission losses resulted. An economic analysis showed that taken over the life of the plant, these savings could amount to over $30 million compared to the cost for energy losses in the Base Case. It may be inferred that a near optimal regional load-generation balance could be reached from the substitution of additional future fossil fuel units by OTEC units. Thus lowering transmission costs and gaining potential savings in land for plant sites and rightsof-way. This is a particularly attractive benefit in the light of severe

land resource restraints in the island of Puerto Rico. In conclusion, it is recommended that the 400 MW OTEC Plant be located off Punta Guayanes, and that it be connected to the 230 KV substation at Yabucoa.

4017

(DOE/NASA/20485-14) Analysis of the economics of photovoltaic-diesel-battery energy systems for remote applications. Brainard, W.A. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH (USA). Lewis Re8p. search Center). 1983. Contract AI01-76ET20485. (NASA-TM-83377; CONF-830622-5). NTIS, PC A02/ MF A01. Order Number DE83011288.

From American Solar Energy Society meeting; Minneapolis, MN, USA (1 Jun 1983).

Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.

Computer simulations were conducted to analyze the performance and operating cost of a photovoltaic energy source combined with a diesel generator system and battery storage. The simulations were based on the load demand profiles used for the design of an all photovoltaic energy system installed in the remote Papago Indian Village of Schuchuli, Arizona. Twenty year simulations were run using solar insolation data from Phoenix SOLMET tapes. Total energy produced, energy consumed, operation and maintenance costs were calculated. The life cycle and levelized energy costs were determined for a variety of system configurations (i.e., varying amounts of photovoltaic array and battery storage). The system configuration producing the minimum levelized energy cost was determined. Results are presented for three sets of economic assumptions and for two different photovoltaic module efficiencies representative of standard and high density (high frame efficiency) modules. Effects of reducing photovoltaic module costs on the levelized energy cost results are examined. Implications of the study on the design of power system for remote applications are discussed.

4018

(DOE/NBM-3012259) Solar energy research and development: federal and private sector roles. (USDOE Office of Energy Research, Washington, DC. Energy Research Advisory Board). Sep 1982. 70p. NTIS, PC A04/MF A01. Order Number DE83012259.

The Energy Research Advisory Board convened a Solar R and D Panel to determine the status of the solar industry and solar R and D in the United States and to recommend to DOE appropriate roles for the Federal and private sectors. The Panel's report acknowledges the new Administration policy reorienting the Federal role in energy development to long-term, high-risk, high-payoff R and D, and leaving commercialization to the private sector. The Panel's recommendations are further predicated on an assumption of continued, substantially reduced funding in the near-term. The Panel found that solar energy technologies have progressed significantly in the past 10 years and represent a group of highly promising energy options for the United States. However, it also found the solar industry to be in a precarious condition, fluctuating energy demand and prices, and uncertain Federal tax and regulatory policies. The Business Energy and Residential Tax Credits are essential to the near-term health of the solar industry. Commercialization has already begun for some solar technologies; for others, decreases in Federal funding will result in a slowdown or termination. The primary Federal roles in solar R and D should be in support of basic and applied research, high-risk, high-payoff technology development and other necessary research for which there are insufficient market incentives. The Federal Government should also move strongly to transfer technology to the private sector for nearcommerical technologies. Large demonstration and commercialization projects cannot be justified for Federal funding under current economic conditions. These should be pursued by the private sector. The Panel examined seven technology areas and made specific findings and recommendations for each.

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EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 8 / 518

The objectives of this report are to explore the potential of biomass energy systems as a renewable resource to contribute to the US fuel supply, and to suggest research needed to accomplish this goal over the next 2 decades. This report analyzes energetics and economics of biomass use, and possible impacts on agriculture, forestry, land use, environment, and society. The complex questions that relate to the many biomass sources and the numerous energy conversion technologies are identified. Prime attention is given to the research needed to develop biomass sources and improve conversion technologies to maximize the net additional energy available from biomass.

4020

(Juel-Spez-147) Implementing agreement for cooperation in the development of large scale wind energy conversion systems. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projektleitung Energieforschung). Mar 1982. 104p. (CONF-8111156-). NTIS (US Sales Only), PC A08/MF A01. Order Number DE83750640.

From 7. meeting of experts on costings for wind turbines; Copenhagen, Denmark (18 Nov 1981).

Portions are illegible in microfiche products; See also JuelSpez-100, Feb 1981.

The proceedings contains the papers presented at the 7. meeting of experts on costings for wind turbines, held on November 18-19, 1981 at Copenhagen. The meeting covered two topics: 1. Cost data for wind turbines in different countries. 2. Methods of calculating wind energy cost. Under the first subject, papers from Denmark, Germany, Sweden and the United States were presented and discussed. Copies of the papers and/or overhead slides are enclosed. It was agreed that minutes of the meeting should mainly cover the second topic on methods. Under this part, two papers were presented, one from UK and one from Norway. Separate abstracts were prepared for the 7 papers of this report.

4021 (Juel-Spez-147, pp 43-50) Costs for Swedish wind turbine systems. Engstroem, S.; Mets, V.; Ekbom, P.O. Mar 1982. NTIS (US Sales Only), PC A06/MF A01. Order Number DE83750640. (CONF-8111156-).

From 7. meeting of experts on costings for wind turbines; Copenhagen, Denmark (18 Nov 1981).

Costs are calculated for Swedish built large WECS hypothetically installed in numbers of 10 and 100. The calculations are made in accordance with the proposed IEA standard. The sensibility to changes in certain parameters is explored.

4022 (Juel-Spez-147, pp 51-80) Wind systems economics and figures-of-merit. Luther, E.L. Mar 1982. NTIS (US Only). Sales PC A06/MF A01. Order Number DE83750640. (CONF-8111156-).

From 7. meeting of experts on costings for wind turbines; Copenhagen, Denmark (18 Nov 1981).

These investigations are only in a preliminary stage with much work to be completed. More data must be collected and validated. The use of more actual test results from operational machines would lend credibility and enhanced validity to the work. Definitions need to be tightened, especially with respect to costs. Additional figures-of-merit must be analyzed and correlations/ cause-and-effects identified. If possible, trends with respect to system size, time or other parameters should be established. There are problems in getting certain information from some manufacturers who may not even offer a complete system. On a more positive note, I feel that we have made an important beginning and I hope to be able to report additional progress in the future.

4023

(Juel-Spez-177/Bd.1) Use of new and renewable energy sources in developing countries. Vol. 1. Bostel, J.; Kleemann, M.; Meliss, M.; Sharan, H.N. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Programmgruppe Systemforschung und Technologische Entwicklung). Oct 1982. 164p. (In German). NTIS (US Sales Only), PC A08/MF A01. Order Number DE83750639.

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On the occasion of the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy in Nairobi August 1981, each of the participating countries submitted a national paper which describes the energy scene and the role of new and renewable sources of energy in the respective country. In this study 47 national papers

from developing countries and 16 national papers from industrialized countries are analyzed. The aim of this analysis was to find out how important the new and renewable sources of energy in the developing and the developed countries are and what possible fields for an effective north-south cooperation exist.

4024

(LA-UR-83-990) Passive research and practice. Balcomb, J.D. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA)). 1983. Contract W-7405-ENG-36. 17p. (CONF-830520—3). NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83011311.

From 2. international congress on building energy management; Ames, IA, USA (31 May 1983).

Passive-solar applications in buildings are described and examples are given to illustrate how research in the field has been approached. The major emphasis of the research has been on devising mathematical models to characterize heat flow within buildings, on the validation of these models by comparison with test results, and on the subsequent use of the models to investigate the influence of both various design parameters and the weather on system performance. Results from both test modules and monitored buildings are given. Simulation analysis, the development of simplified methods, and systems analysis are outlined. Passive-solar practice is described and the key elements that have led to successful passive-solar applications are discussed.

4025

(LBL-14790) Roof apertures in office buildings. Place, W.; Fontoynont, M.; Conner, C.; Kammerud, R.C.; Anderson, B.; Bauman, F.; Carroll, W.; Howard, T.C.; Mertol, A.; Webster, T. (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (USA)). Jan 1983. Contract AC03-76SF00098. 16p. (CONF830229-1). NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83011681.

From International daylighting conference; Phoenix, AZ, USA (16 Feb 1983).

An investigation has been made of potential lighting electricity reductions and associated thermal impacts of replacing electric light with sunlight admitted through rooftop glazing on a singlestory, prototypical office building. Experimental scale models have been used to determine the fraction of the solar radiation entering the aperture which reaches the work plane as useful illumination. This information is used in a developmental version of the building energy analysis computer program BLAST-3.0 to predict reductions in lighting electricity and the impacts on energy consumption for heating and cooling the building. The results indicate that a large fraction of the electricity consumed for lighting a single-story office building can be displaced using modest amounts of glazing in the roof. Also, both heating and cooling energy consumption reductions are possible from a daylighting system, but they are substantially smaller than the potential lighting electricity reductions. The design implications of the results are discussed and future directions for the work are outlined.

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(P-700-82-010) Staff policy regarding mitigation of school enrollment impacts. Williams, D.S. (California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, Sacramento (USA)). Jan 1983. 9p. California Energy Commission, Publications Unit, 111 Howe Avenue, Sacramento, CA. Order Number DE83902041.

Testimony in recent geothermal power plant siting cases in the Geysers-Calistoga KGRA has established that nine local school districts have reached or exceeded the design which induces immigration into these impacted districts will aggravate the situation. Several power plant applicants have agreed to provide annual mitigation payments to local school districts which can document adverse student enrollment impacts. The Lake County agreements with Occidental Geothermal, Inc. and the California Department of Water Resources require mitigation fees for students having at least one parent who either works directly with the power plant or works indirectly with the geothermal-service industry. An adjustment is made each year so that the applicant only pays a one-time fee for each student. An annual student survey is used to help identify students qualifying for mitigation payments. This paper presents an algorithms which CEC staff will propose to be used in the event that a power plant applicant and an impacted school district are unable to negotiate a mitigation agreement. The algorithm provides a basis for calculating an annual mitigation payment which would

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