Many countries should pay more attention to biomass, particularly those in which it is their most plentiful fuel resource. Attention should be paid to conservation by increasing the efficiency with which energy is used by the reorientation of development strategy because of higher energy prices. The World Bank has estimated that by 1990, savings in the cost of oil imports from an aggressive conservation and fuel switching policy might be as great as a maximum effort to increase oil production. By 1990, oil bills might be reduced by as much as $30 x 109. The international community can help this process by technical assistance, better money management, and by expansion of capital assistance to oil-importing developing

countries.

2818

Attitude of the IEA to energy policy. VIK (Verinigung Industrielle Kraftwirtschaft) Mitteilungen; No. 4, 8890(1982). (In German).

On May 24th, 1982 the Board of Administration of the International Energy Agency (IEA) held a meeting at ministerial level in Paris. The items of the meeting were the adjustment of the situation on the oil market, rational use of energy, the significance of electric energy within the framework of structural changes, the development of nuclear energy and finally the intensified use of coal.

2819

Prohibition of discrimination (Sect. 26 Subsect 2 GWB Law Prohibiting Restraints of Competition) in the field of energy supply. Ebel, H.R. VIK (Verinigung Industrielle Kraftwirtschaft) Mitteilungen; No. 4, 81-87(1982). (In German).

The author deals with those aspects of the regulation concerning pipeline and cable transported energy, e.g. questions of the definition of the relevant market in the field of electricity and gas (key words: demand-oriented market concepts, distribution markets, heat market); the question of equal treatment of enterprises, e.g., of re-distributors and end users; and questions of price differences on substantially justified grounds, e.g., for reasons of different purchasing conditions, market influences etc.

2820 Energy and water development appropriations for 1983. Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session. Part 9. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 563p.

Part 9 of the hearing record covers 1983 appropriations for energy and water development under DOE, the Civil Works Program of the Corps of Engineers, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Testimony for increasing the atomic weapons defense spending was heard in closed sessions so that some responses could be deleted from the public record; a supplemental funding of $97.4 million for FY 82 and a budget amendment for FY 1983 of $265.9 million additional were requested. DOE witnesses included Herman E. Roser, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs, and Deputy Assistant Troy Wade. Other witnesses testified on budget requirements for the Gaseous Centrifuge Enrichment Program, the nuclear breeder program, and departmental administration. William R. Gianelli, Assistant Secretary, and others of the Army Civil Works Program presented proposals for nine new projects for construction starts in 1982 at a total capital cost of $982.5 million. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimates for fiscal year 1983 were $479.5 million, an increase of $14 million over FY '82. (DCK)

2821

Fiscal Year 1983 Department of Energy budget review (nuclear fission R and D, small-scale hydro, electricenergy systems, and energy-storage systems). Volume IV. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production of the Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session, March 9, 10, 16, 17, 25, 1982. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 596p.

Volume IV of the DOE budget hearings for nuclear fission, small-scale hydro, electric-energy systems, and energy storage systems covers five days of testimony. A major issue was the level of funding and the absence of funding for certain nuclear projects, notably the breeder-reactor program. Other issues were support for research and development of energy systems and storage, which the administration wants the private sector to finance despite denials by both industry and utility witnesses that this is possible. The

witnesses included representatives of DOE, electric utilities, and the nuclear industry. An appendix with questions and answers submitted for the record follows the testimony. (DCK)

2822

US participation in the International Energy Program. Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session on S. 1937, February 4, 1982. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 88p.

Witnesses at a hearing on S. 1937 (a bill to extend section 252 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act three years to June 30, 1985) presented the administration's views on issues relating to US participaion in the oil-allocation program and on how long the extension should be. Congress has previously made five extensions. The antitrust defense will no longer be valid for oil companies once section 252 expires. The testimony of witnesses from the Departments of Energy, State, and Justice follow the text of S. 1937. Responses to additional questions appear in the appendix. (DCK)

2823 Federal response to OPEC country investments in the United States. Part 3. Saudi Arabian influence in Whittaker Corp. Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session, April 6, 1982. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 216p.

A hearing to examine the security effects of foreign ownership on defense contractors focused on the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the Whittaker Corp., which operates three hospitals in Saudi Arabia and receives revenue and income from these operations. Whittaker spokesmen described the company's international activities and the absence of any interference from Saudi Arabia or effort to gain control of the company through investment in shares. At issue were security relations which ban companies with foreign ownership from defense contracts in order to secure classified information. Also testifying were representatives from the Department of Defense and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Six appendices with correspondence and legal forms follow the testimony and additional materials submitted for the record. (DCK)

2824

Department of Energy oversight. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power and the Subcommittee on Fossil and Synthetic Fuels of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, NinetySeventh Congress, Second Session, February 10, February 24, March 11, and March 16, 1982. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 719p.

A four-day hearing examined the administration's proposal for dismantlement or reorganization of DOE, the 1983 budget, nuclear programs, and conservation and renewable energy. Speaking against the administration plan was John Deutch, who argued that dismantlement will leave the country with an uncoordinated energy policy and will jeopardize future energy-technology efforts. Energy Secretary Edwards defended the 1983 budget requests that require free-market support for all energy sources except oil and nuclear and which reduce funds for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve while eliminating programs that could reduce import dependence. The hearing record covers the testimony of 21 witnesses and additional material submitted for the record. (DCK)

2825

Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act amendements. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Regulation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session on Amendment No. 1452 to S. 1885, May 24, 1982. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 347p.

Part 2 of the hearing record covers the testimony of 14 witnesses and additional materials submitted for the record on the substitute amendment No. 1452, which is intended to restore confidence in the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) and return implementation of section 210 to the states. The goal is to minimize the disruption and delays of appeals. The witnesses represented electric utilities, consumer groups, industry, and spokesmen for cogenerators and other independent power producers. (DCK)

EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 6 / 364

2826

Energy assistance and the elderly. Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Subcommittee on Housing and Consumer Interests of the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session, March 4, 1982. Washington, DC; Government Printing Office (1982). 202p.

Sixteen witnesses representing the elderly and low-income groups, conservation and weatherization programs, and community services challenged administration plans to reduce energy assistance and the effects of an overall policy of funding cuts in programs that serve human needs. The high cost of energy has made it the major problem for the elderly and poor. Among the concerns expressed was the administration's practice of holding up appropriated funds despite Congressional intent to continue financial-assistance programs. Additional material submitted for the record follows the testimony. (DCK)

2827

National energy plans. Jablonski, D.M. (ed.). Washington, DC; McGraw-Hill Publications Company (1982). 362p. McGraw-Hill, 457 National Press Building, Washington, DC 20045 $97.00.

The current official energy policy-and-planning documents of 12 countries cover: Australia, Canada, France, India, Mexico, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Spain, the United Kingdom, the US and Venezuela. The document is intended to place information that will mold the international energy industry into the hands of energy executives, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, consultants, and government policy makers. Common themes stress the need to reduce dependence on finite (and often imported) petroleum, control demand, and increase conservation. To address these needs, the countries are creating or strengthening programs to exploit their indigenous resources, expand the use of renewable energy sources, and encourage conservation through such measures as pricing policy. 73 figures, 166 tables.

2828

Will the energy supply be safe after 1985. Barthelt, K. Karlsruhe, Germany, F.R.; Fachinformationszentrum Energie, Physik, Mathematik (1981). 13p. (In German).

This article deals with the safe electric power supply on the basis of coal and nuclear energy. The author tries to demonstrate some consequences resulting from the present attitude towards energy policy. The main question is to speed up the interrupted extension of nuclear energy. In order to make the present situation of the F.R. of Germany plain a short, presentation of the standard of nuclear energy in the most important countries of the world is offered for comparison.

2940 Fossil Fuels

REFER ALSO TO CITATION(S) 2584, 2636, 2639, 2652, 2782, 2785, 2786, 2794, 2815, 2819, 2941, 2946, 2950, 2951, 2968, 2996, 2996, 2996

2829

(CONF-810631-7) Optimum resource use in synfuels development. Livengood, C.D.; Wilzbach, K.E. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)). 1981. Contract W-31-109ENG-38. 15p. NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83007648.

From 74. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association; Philadelphia, PA, USA (21 Jun 1981).

Portions are illegible in microfiche products.

In this paper the question of optimum coal-resource use is examined. One conclusion is that electricity, substituted for oil or gas, is in some areas the most resource-efficient synfuel. The move toward the all-electric home, which has been the historical trend, should be encouraged. The development and commercialization of advanced, high-efficiency power plants will enhance the advantages of such increased residential electrification. The primary advantage will be the energy savings achieved by heat pumps, but other benefits may be anticipated as well, such as the optimization of energy conversion and pollution control at central installations. Direct use of coal should be encouraged at large commercial and industrial installations, where the amount of energy used justifies the additional complexity over gas/oil systems. Coal-derived liquids or gas appear attractive for industry only in existing units or in very small boilers. Fuel shortages may also be critical in transportation. If the petro

leum supply is restricted, coal liquids and shale oil will be pressed into service for aircraft fuel and long-distance surface transport. One major source of lost coal energy not addressed here is the failure to extract all of the coal during underground mining. With traditional room and pillar mining methods, coal left in the ground may amount to as much as 50% of the known deposits. Technology advances in this area would greatly enhance resource utilization. In summary, we find that coal synfuels should be developed to cope with shortages of petroleum and natural gas that may arise as resources become depleted (or because of political upheavals). Energy policy-makers should pay greater attention also to the improvement of end-use technologies and the indications they give us for the most efficient use of our resources. 5 figures, 2 tables.

2830

(CONF-810814-13) Coal preparation for synfuels: where do we stand. Killmeyer, R.P. (Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA (USA). Pittsburgh Mining Technology Center). 1981. 20p. NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83008224.

From 91. national meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Detroit, MI, USA (16 Aug 1981).

As the optimum-feedstock requirements for synfuels processes become more clearly defined, so will the role of coal preparation in the overall mine-to-fuel scheme. The extent of coal preparation needed will largely depend on the characteristics of the ROM coal, the process-feedstock specifications, and the overall economics of the system. It has been shown that coal cleaning can have a direct impact on the catalytic reactivity of the feedstock and the synfuel plant throughput on a raw-coal-feed basis. These parameters, in turn, affect the product quality and quantity, plant sizing and cost, hydrogen requirements, downstream processing steps, equipment life, and system economics. While the initial studies have indicated benefits to be gained from utilizing a cleaned coal as a feed stock, future investigations are needed to more quantitatively define the impacts of different coal preparation alternatives on parameters such as those mentioned above.

2831

(CONF-820128-5) Economic impacts of petroleum shortages and the implications for the freight-transportation industry. Johnson, L.R.; Knorr, R.E.; Saricks, C.L.; Mendiratta, V.B. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)). Jan 1982. Contract W-31-109-ENG-38. 29p. NTIS, PC A03/MF A01. Order Number DE83007604.

From 61. annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board; Washington, DC, USA (18 Jan 1982).

Portions are illegible in microfiche products.

The major economic impacts that result from petroleumsupply interruptions and the subsequent effects on the demand for freight transportation are described. This analysis involved a simulation of the effects of three different fuel-supply shortfalls on intercity freight transportation. The research included the use of three economic and transportation models to simulate the economic impacts of oil shortfalls and the resulting change in freight-transportation demand as expressed in tons shipped, ton-miles of travel, and fuel use. Economic effects are discussed for a base case and then for a 7%, 14%, and 23% petroleum shortfall. The demand for freight transportation is determined by the output of various commodity sectors which generate traffic for the truck, rail, water, air, and pipeline modes. The effects of various diesel-fuel-price levels are also examined. The analysis suggests that at low, or controlled, fuel prices the more significant impacts for freight movements will be the reduction in output in the bulk-commodity sectors, which are dominated by the waterway and rail modes. At high fuel prices (i.e., equilibrium levels), shipping is significantly decreased in all commodity sectors, but mode shifts are likely to occur from truck to rail, and even from rail to water in some corridors.

365/EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 6

The Alaska Coal Marketing Conference was held February 18-19, 1982, at Anchorage, Alaska. While most of the papers dealt with the possibility of financing subbituminous coal mines in Alaska and transporting and marketing the coal to Pacific Rim countries (Japan, Korea and Taiwan), there were a few papers on other subjects: The World Energy and Raw Material Crisis by Governor Dixie Lee Ray, The State of California Energy Policy and on METHACOAL in particular. Twenty-three papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA and four also into EAPA. (LTN)

2833 (CONF-820273-, pp 4, Paper 2) Pacific Rim steam coal demand. McCoy, M.R. (Getty Oil Co., Los Angeles, CA). 1982. Resource Development Council for Alaska, 444 West 7th Ave., Box 516, Anchorage, AK $30.00. Order Number DE83901548.

From 2. Alaska coal marketing conference; Anchorage, AK, USA (18 Feb 1982).

The demonstrated reserves of the Western United States are 99 billion tons with an additional 140 billion tons in Alaska - more than adequate reserve base to serve not only the growing Pacific Basin market but the domestic market in the United States as well. The most important outcome of the WESTPO study will not be found in any of the published reports. The real benefit of the study was the dialogue that developed among the participants, the coal consumers, producers, transporters, and port developers. The WESTPO study indicated the potential market share for Western United States coal could be 8 to 11 million tons in 1985 and 19 to 26 million tons in 1990. Several factors which will obviously affect the United States market share are: modern ports; reasonable rail rates; price competitiveness; coal quality; security of supply; capacity of competitors; and diversification policy of buyers. The market for Western coal export will be determined by how we as an industry, as a country, work together to develop this potential on a strong competitive base. We have the coal resources, the technology, the competitive spirit, the free enterprise approach, the support of both the administration in Washington and the western governors, and the reliability. The United States stands ready to capture a major share of this growing coal market, and by doing so, to strengthen the bonds that exist between the Pacific Rim countries and the Untied States.

2834

(CONF-820273-, pp 5p, Paper 5) Alaska-state government policies. Morris, W.H. (Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC). 1982. Resource Development Council for Alaska, 444 West 7th Ave., Box 516, Anchorage, AK $30.00. Order Number DE83901548.

From 2. Alaska coal marketing conference; Anchorage, AK, USA (18 Feb 1982).

Some of the key elements of the Reagan administraton's policy are: the Federal Government's role is not to subsidize coal exports, but to expedite them; we will reduce obstacles to coal exporting created by over-regulation and unnecessary red tape; the Army Corps of Engineers will improve its ability to expedite permit-issuing and construction of projects, both private and public; all governmental bodies will work to ensure that federal policies are mindful of, and do not impede, export as well as domestic needs; the administration will see that coal leasing targets and procedures take due consideration of potential export demand; following traditional American policy, this administration welcomes foreign participation in the financing of coal projects, consistent with state and federal law; and finally, the administration has pledged not to interrupt coal trade under contractual commitment, unless forced to do so by a severe national emergency. The coal interagency working group has moved quickly to implement these principles, and to undertake promotional activities, to demonstrate to the world our commitment to competing in the world coal market. Accomplishing this of course involves legal, political, economic and practical considerations. The regulatory reform aspects are being taken up in close cooperation with the President's task force on Regulatory Relief. We have already had discussions with a number of potential customers from both European and Pacific nations.

2835

(CONF-8108147-) Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference. (Superior, Port of, WI (USA)). 1981. 172p. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

This conference dealt with using the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway as an alternative to the East and Gulf Coasts for the exporting of coal to Europe and the potential for a piece of the European market for the subbituminous coals of Montana and Wyoming. The topics discussed included: government policies on coal exports; the coal reserves of Montana; cost of rail transport from Western mines to Lake Superior; the planning, design, and operation of the Superior Midwest Energy Terminal at Superior, Wisconsin; direct transfer of coal from self-unloading lakers to large ocean vessels; concept of total transportation from mines to users; disadvantage of a nine month season on the Great Lakes; costs of maritime transport of coal through the Great Lakes to Europe; facilities at the ice-free, deep water port at Sept Iles; the use of Western coals from an environmental and economic viewpoint; the properties of Western coal and factors affecting its use; the feasibility of a slurry pipeline from the Powder River Basin to Lake Superior; a systems analysis of the complete hydraulic transport of coal from the mine to users in Europe; the performance of the COJA mill-burner for the combustion of superfine coal; demand for steam coal in Western Europe; and the effect the New Source Performance Standards will have on the production and use of Western coal. A separate abstract was prepared for each of the 19 papers for the Energy Data Base (EDB); 17 will appear in Energy Research Abstracts (ERA) and 11 in Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis (EAPA). (CKK)

2836

(CONF-8108147-, pp 5-11) US coal policy and Great Lakes exports. Ryan, G.J. (Maritime Administration, Cleveland, OH). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

A summary is given of the Reagan Administration's Coal Export Policy. The policy is designed to expedite coal exports by reducing delays caused by current regulations, permitting procedures, and leasing procedures. Foreign participation in coal development is welcomed, and contracts will be enforceable in American courts. The user fee approach is endorsed to finance channel deepening and port improvements and maintenance. Three myths exist about the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway which impede its growth. The first is that the USA has only three seacoasts, the East, West, and Gulf coasts. The deep draft seaway to the north is the fourth. Secondly, while there is wide acceptance of the economic shipment by barge on the Mississippi River to be transferred to ocean ships, the same concept applied to the Great Lakes Seaway is not accepted readily. Lastly, because the deep ports on the Great Lakes Seaway are located in Canada, it is thought that the Canadian ports would not serve US commerce. But Canada is America's largest trading partner. US grain and now coal are being shipped through the Lakes to be transferred to deep-draft ships at Canadian ports. Western coal is not as yet being handled, but planning is underway. It is recommended that any impediments to the coal export trade be reported to the Chairman of the Interagency Working Group for Coal Export. (CKK)

2837

(CONF-8108147-, pp 12-20) Why use Montana coal. Presley, C.J. (Westmoreland Resources, Inc., Billings, MT). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

Montana has a large subbituminous coal reserve which would assure a stable, long term supply to export customers. The main coal mines and their production and mining methods are reviewed. Rail transportation is in place to take Montana coal to the docks on Lake Superior. The effective severance tax rate in Montana is 25 to 26% compared with 17% in Wyoming. The quality of Montana Coal (8500 to 9600 Btu, 4 to 10% ash, 0.7% sulfur, and 22 to 25% moisture) is the biggest constraint to exporting. European markets typically want coal of 11,500 Btu, 16% ash, 1.5% sulfur,

EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 6 / 366

and 8% moisture. Boilers designed to burn 11,500 Btu coal cannot burn 9600 Btu coal with 25% moisture without major modifications. A partial economic analysis shows that 9600 Btu coal would have to sell at $48.58 per ton to compete with the Eastern coal now being sold to Europe. However, charges for rail freight, port handling, and water transportation are unknown at this time for Western Coal. (CKK)

2838 (CONF-8108147-, pp 65-74) Present and future transshipment ports on the St. Lawrence River. Doray, G.O. (National Harbours Board, Ottawa, Quebec). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

The National Harbours Board administers facilities at 15 ports in Canada, among them the ports along the St. Lawrence Seaway which have been handling the transshipment of US coal exports. Enormous growth in world demand for coal is forecast, and as America is the world's number one exporter of coal, the US should benefit from this growth. Because of the congestion of the US East and Gulf Coast ports, European buyers have paid over $500 million in demurrage charges since the beginning of 1980 and US coal producers have lost an estimated 15 million tons of potential business in 1980. The Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway ports have a substantial amount of experience in handling coal, can save in transportation costs, and can provide an alternative route should future congestion, national disaster, strikes, etc. occur. The facilities at the Ports of Montreal, Quebec, and Sept Iles are described. (CKK)

2839

(CONF-8108147-, pp 75-86) Environmental impacts of coal transshipment facilities. Halstead, R.J. (Wisconsin Div. of State Energy, Madison). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

The demand for Western coal by the electric utilities along the Great Lakes is discussed. The shipment of this coal is through the new coal handling facilities at Superior, Wisconsin. The delivered cost of coal to electric utilities from Wyoming, Montana, Illinois, and Kentucky are compared. Trends in Europe for the demand for coal are forecast, and the potential for European markets for Western Coal is discussed from the environmental as well as economic point of view. Delivered cost of Appalachian coal from Baltimore, Hampton Roads, and Mobile to Europe is compared with the estimated cost of Western coal through the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway to Europe. The advantage of Western coal is in its cost and low sulfur content. While considered to be a model transshipment facility, the Superior Midwest Energy Terminal is not without its environmental effects. The terminal does contribute to the total suspended particulates; traffic delays at unit train rail crossings could become a severe problem especially when nearby grain elevators are also accepting deliveries; the contained disposal of dredged spoils will be required; and the terminal reduces opportunities for recreational use of the shoreline. (CKK)

2840 (CONF-8108147-, pp 87-90) Marketing the energy terminal. Ethan, J. (Midwest Energy Resources Co., Superior, WI). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

The Superior Midwest Energy Terminal on Lake Superior was built to transport Montana subbituminous coal to a new power generating facility of Detroit Edison Company in Michigan. A description is given of the terminal, its operation, and its storage and shipping capacity. (CKK)

2841 (CONF-8108147, pp 99-105) Slurry transportation and shiploading. Westhoff, W.J. (Powder River Pipeline, Inc., Billings, MT). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 HamAve., mond Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

A fact-finding phase has begun into construction of a slurry pipeline from the Powder River Basin coal deposit in Wyoming and Montana to the Great Lakes. The pipeline would start in Broadus, Montana and Gillette, Wyoming and join to form a single 42 inch line to Duluth, Minnesota on Lake Superior in one case. In a second case it would have a water return line running parallel to the pipeline to minimize water requirements. A third route would divide the pipeline at St. Cloud, Minnesota with one leg going to Duluth as before, and the second going to Minitowoc, Wisconsin situated on Lake Michigan. A fourth possibility is to follow the rail lines even farther south to Chicago. Based on experience from the Black Mesa slurry pipeline, estimated construction and transportation rates are given. Costs are competitive with present rail transportation costs, but since only 25% of these costs relate to inflatable cost, long range cost of slurry transport can be predicted within narrow limits. Eminent domain to slurry pipelines would have to be provided, if not by Federal legislation, than possibly by state legislation. If all goes according to present plans, the construction could be complete by January 1987 at a cost of around $2 billin. (CKK)

2842

(CONF-8108147-, pp 106-122) Slurry transportation and shiploading. Sterry, W.M. (BE and C Engineers, Tukwila, WA). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

Three systems for the transport of coal from the mine to a power plant in Europe are analyzed. In the first scheme coal is transported to dry bulk form from the Western mines to Europe. In the next, a slurry pipeline carries the coal from the mine to a terminal where it is dewatered, loaded in bulk form onto a vessel, reslurried after unloading in Europe, and transported through a pipeline to the power station. In the third scheme, the coal is transported as a slurry all the way, although the solids content is higher in storage basins and onboard ship. This analysis shows that slurry pipelines and hydraulic loading and unloading in both capital and operating costs are significantly lower than for bulk handling. Single point mooring systems such as used to load and unload petroleum would allow shallow ports to handle the larger vessels. Tests show that ship loading procedures involving decanting of supernatant water are capable of a settled bed of 70% solids. A Dynajet installation on shipboard or mounted on barges to the side would reslurry the coal for unloading. (CKK)

2843

(CONF-8108147-, pp 128-138) European demand and low sulfur coal. Wilson-Smith, N.G. (Zinder-Neris, Inc., New York, NY). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

A review is presented on the demand for steam coal in the following countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, West Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain. These countries are mostly interested in medium quality coal with sulfur contents not exceeding 1.3%. They also seek security and continuity of supply. It is felt that Western coal will not be attractive to these markets because of the low calorific value and the interruptable movement via the Great Lakes. Blending of Western coal could be one solution to the low Btu value. Stockpiling at ice-free ports would have to be at the producer's expense. For Western coals to find a place in this market will require imagination, marketing skill, and patience. (CKK)

2844 (CONF-8108147—, pp 139-143) European demand and low sulfur coal. Eck, S.W. (Thyssen Carbometal Co., Englewood, CO). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

Thyssen Carbometal Company, a steel manufacturing concern, exports coal and iron ores from North America to West Germany and other destinations. Coal is stockpiled and blended at several locations on Lake Erie, shipped by laker to Sept Iles where it is transferred directly to ocean vessels. Combined iron ore and coal

367/EAPA VOL. 9, NO. 6

shipments or two types of coal in one vessel allow for optimum ocean freight rates. The Sept Iles Terminal is being upgraded to allow for stockpiling of coal during the nine months season on the Great Lakes and delivery from the ice-free port of Sept Iles year round. Factors to be considered before Western subbituminous and bituminous coals can be exported are discussed from this company's point of view. These factors include: competitive rail rates from the mines to the Superior, Wisconsin port; effect of increased cargoes on the Great Lakes freight rates; unloading, storage, blending, and transshipment of coal; marketing of Western coals; and combustion characteristics of new blends. (CKK)

2845

(CONF-8108147-, pp 144-153) New Source Performance Standards and proposed revisions to the Clean Air Act. Walsh, J. (Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC). 1981. Port of Superior, 1409 Hammond Ave., Superior, WI 54880. Order Number DE83901248.

From Western Coal/Great Lakes Alternative export-coal conference; Superior, WI, USA (27 Aug 1981).

The Clean Air Act addresses local pollution effects of coal combustion by setting emission limits for specific plants. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are for regional effects, e.g., acid rain, and are a level of control which is minimum for any new facility. The way power plants decide to comply with these standards will affect the composition of coal demand. These regulations are currently undergoing review and reauthorization. Coal production and sulfur dioxide emissions by region are compared under four alternative NSPS. The four alternatives are the 1971 NSPS requiring a maximum emission of 1.2 lb of SO2 per million Btu; the 90% removal alternative requiring wet scrubbing on all coals; the Uniform Ceiling alternative with a limit of 0.6 lb of SO2 and no scrubber requirement; and the current standard. It appears as if what the Administration is currently proposing would favor production of low sulfur Western coal, but the gain is not as large as predicted several years ago. (CKK)

2846 (CONF-8209104-1) Management of social effects in oil-shale boomtowns. Wernette, D. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)). 1982. Contract W-31-109-ENG-38. 38p. NTIS, PC A03/MF A01. Order Number DE83007961.

From Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association; San Francisco, CA, USA (6 Sep 1982).

Portions are illegible in microfiche products.

Concern with energy developments in rural sparsely populated areas has concentrated on two types of impacts: the increased employment of local workers, and the social and fiscal problems caused by rapid population growth due to in-migrant workers. Little work has been done to date to estimate the effectiveness of measures to manage these impacts to the benefit of the local population. Sensitivity analysis with a county-level computer simulation model is used to estimate the effectiveness of four growth management measures in this study. Two scenarios of oil-shale development in northwestern Colorado are used as the context for these measures. The two measures to increase local employment focus on training local workers in relevant skills, and on increasing the commuting of workers from adjacent counties. Neither of these measures has large effects on local employment because of the limited pool of local labor. The two measures to control population growth focus on reducing secondary local employment growth and lowering the average size of in-migrant workers' households. Neither of these measures produce large reductions in the rate of population growth. The construction of a new community appears more promising as an impact mitigation measure. These findings are limited in validity to very high growth scenarios for very isolated, sparsely populated areas. These growth management measures should be of greater value for lower growth scenarios and for more densely populated areas of the country.

The papers presented and panel discussions at the October 29, 1982 symposium on short-term energy forecasting are summarized. The three meeting sessions dealt with winter supplies of heating oil, electric power generation, and short-term aspects of oil and gas supply. (LCL)

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(DOE/CS/30013-T7) Rate guide for residential No. 2 heating oil and coal for SOLCOST Data Bank cities. Weir, S.B. (Alabama Univ., Huntsville (USA). Kenneth E. Johnson Environmental and Energy Center). Dec 1981. Contract FG01-79CS30013. 260p. NTIS, PC A12/MF A01. Order Number DE82014212.

No. 2 heating oil and coal are not used for residential heating as much as electricity and natural gas, but must be considered when analyzing energy costs in some areas of the United States. Some sections of the country, particularly the northeast, use heating oil as a primary heat source. Few homes are now using coal for heating, but coal is still available on a retail basis and its use may increase with improved technology and rising oil prices. Prices of these commodities are limited to residential rates. This document gives the prices for No. 2 heating oil and coal for each city in the SOLCOST Data Bank. The UAH research team has found that rates of those companies in the same city are relatively the same, therefore, only one company is represented. The name is shown so as not to misrepresent any other companies. The information shown represents the data as quoted by each company. This includes the basic rate, the taxes, and the delivery charge, if not included. The minimum represents the minimum amount sold to any one customer. Calculations have been made to show cost per gallon of fuel oil, cost per ton of coal, cost for both commodities with taxes, and cost-per-million Btu. Efficiency factors are not considered. The reader must apply the efficiency factor pertinent to his particular furnace, stove, or fireplace. The UAH calculates taxes on the basis rate and does not add the delivery charge where it is not included. The Btu values used in converting to cost-per-million Btu are 136,000 Btu per gallon of No. 2 heating oil and 25,070 Btu for a ton of coal.

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(DOE/EIA-0032(82/01)) Monthly petroleum product price report. Riner, C. (USDOE Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Oil and Gas). Jan 1982. 18p. NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83007897.

This report provides information on monthly national weighted average prices for refined petroleum products. The data published are the primary source of price data for refined products for the refining, reselling, and retailing sectors necessary for the Department of Energy (DOE) to execute its role in monitoring prices. In addition, the data provide the information necessary for Congress, DOE, and the public to perform analyses and projections related to energy supplies, demands, and prices. Price data in this publication were collected from separate surveys. Average prices are derived from a survey of refiners, large resellers and/or retailers, and independent gas plant operators. Data from this monthly survey are available from July 1975. Average No. 2 heating oil prices were derived from a sample survey of refiners, resellers, and retailers who sell heating oil. The geographic coverage for this report is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data are presented on the following: gasoline, No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels, No. 1 and No. 2 heating oils, residual fuel oil, aviation fuels, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gases.

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(DOE/EIA-0032(82/02)) Monthly petroleum product price report. Riner, C. (USDOE Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Oil and Gas). Feb 1982. 18p. NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. Order Number DE83008089.

This report provides information on monthly national weighted average prices for refined petroleum products. The data published are the primary source of price data for refined products for the refining, reselling, and retailing sectors necessary for the Department of Energy (DOE) to execute its role in monitoring prices. In addition, the data provide the information necessary for Congress, DOE, and the public to perform analyses and projections related to energy supplies, demands, and prices. Price data in this