1855. Declaration of Congressional intent. 1855a. Definitions.

1855b. Assistance by Federal agencies; scope of services; reimbursement; disposition of moneys; liability. 1855c. Cooperation with other agencies.

1855d. Coordination of Federal activities; rules and regulations.

1855e. Repair and reconstruction of damaged United States facilities; availability of funds.

1855f. Utilization of services and facilities of other agencies; employment of temporary personnel; incurring of obligations; reimbursement.

1855g. Appropriations; reports.

SS 1851-1854. Repealed. Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 9, 64 Stat. 1111.

Sections, act July 27, 1947, ch. 320, 61 Stat. 422, related to availability of surplus property for alleviation of damage caused by floods or other catastrophe, and are now covered by sections 1855-1855g of this title.

§ 1855. Declaration of Congressional intent.

It is the intent of Congress to provide an orderly and continuing means of assistance by the Federal Government to States and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate suffering and damage resulting from major disasters, to repair essential public facilities in major disasters, and to foster the development of such State and local organizations and plans to cope with major disasters as may be necessary. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 1, 64 Stat. 1109.)

§ 1855a. Definitions.

As used in this chapter, the following terms shall be construed as follows unless a contrary intent appears from the context:

(a) "Major disaster" means any flood, drought, fire, hurricane, earthquake, storm, or other catastrophe in any part of the United States which, in the determination of the President, is or threatens to be of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant disaster assistance by the Federal Government to supplement the efforts and available resources of States and local governments in alleviating the damage, hardship, or suffering caused thereby, and respecting which the governor of any State (or the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia) in which such catastrophe may occur or threaten certifies the need for disaster assistance under this chapter, and shall give assurance of expenditure of a reasonable amount of the funds of the government of such State, local governments therein, or other agencies, for the same or similar purposes with respect to such catastrophe;

(b) "United States" includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

(c) "State" means any State in the United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

(d) "Governor" means the chief executive of any State;

(e) "Local government" means any county, city, village, town, district, or other political subdivision of any State, or the District of Columbia;

(f) "Federal agency" means any department, independent establishment, Government corporation, or other agency of the executive branch of the Federal Government, excepting, however, the American National Red Cross. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 2, 64 Stat. 1109; June 27, 1962, Pub. L. 87-502, § 1, 76 Stat. 111.)

AMENDMENTS

1962-Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 87-502 inserted Guam, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and eliminated Alaska and Hawaii from the definitions of "United States" and "State." LOANS TO AID IN RECONSTRUCTION, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF FACILITIES

Ex. Ord. No. 10634, Aug. 25, 1955, 20 F.R. 6433, set out as a note under section 2092 of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense, provides for loans to aid in the reconstruction, rehabilitation and replacement of facilities needed for national defense which are destroyed or damaged by a major disaster as defined in this section CROSS REFERENCES

Urban renewal assistance for area as a result of "major disaster" as determined by subsection (a) of this section, see section 1462 of this title.

§ 1855b. Assistance by Federal agencies; scope of services; reimbursement; disposition of moneys; liability.

In any major disaster, Federal agencies are authorized when directed by the President to provide assistance (a) by utilizing or lending, with or without compensation therefor, to States and local governments their equipment, supplies, facilities, personnel, and other resources, other than the extension of credit under the authority of any Act; (b) by distributing, through the American National Red Cross or otherwise, medicine, food, and other consumable supplies; (c) by donating or lending equipment and supplies, determined under then existing law to be surplus to the needs and responsibilities of the Federal Government, to States for use or distribution by them for the purposes of this chapter including the restoration of public facilities damaged or destroyed in such major disaster and essential rehabilitation of individuals in need as the result of such major disaster; (d) by performing on public or private lands protective and other work essential for the preservation of life and property, clearing debris and wreckage, making emergency repairs to and temporary replacements of public facilities of States and local governments damaged or destroyed in such major disaster, providing temporary housing or other emergency shelter for families who, as a result of such major disaster, require temporary housing or other emergency shelter, and making contributions to States and local governments for purposes stated in this subdivision. The authority conferred by this chapter, and any funds provided hereunder shall be supplementary to, and not in substitution for, nor in limitation of, any other authority conferred or funds provided under any other law. Any funds received by Federal agencies as reimbursement for services or supplies furnished under the authority of this section shall be deposited to the credit of the appropriation or appropriations currently available for such services or supplies. The Federal Government shall not be liable for any claim based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary func

tion or duty on the part of a Federal agency or an employee of the Government in carrying out the provisions of this section. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 3, 64 Stat. 1110; Aug. 3, 1951, ch. 293, § 2, 65 Stat. 173; July 17, 1953, ch. 225, 67 Stat. 180; June 27, 1962, Pub. L. 87-502, § 2, 76 Stat. 111.)

AMENDMENTS

1962-Pub. L. 87-502 inserted "States and" following "replacements of public facilities of" in clause (d).

1953-Act July 17, 1953, amended clause (c) to make it clear that equipment and supplies which are surplus to the Federal government may be donated and loaned to States for use or distribution by them for disaster relief.

1951-Act Aug. 3, 1951 authorized Federal agencies to provide temporary or other emergency shelter for families requiring it as a result of a major disaster.

DEFERRED GRAZING PROGRAM

Pub. L. 85-25, Apr. 25, 1957, 71 Stat. 26, authorized the President as part of the assistance provided pursuant to sections 1855-1855g of this title to formulate and carry out, through the facilities of the Department of Agriculture, a deferred grazing program to include nonuse or limited use, or any needed combinations thereof, in any county affected by drought in which the Secretary of Agriculture determines grazing of native rangeland is a substantial factor in agricultural production, and finds that limited or deferred grazing is necessary and appropriate for the reestablishment or conservation of grass for grazing. The program was available for a period of not more than five years after April 25, 1957.

AVAILABILITY OF FARM COMMODITIES

Availability of farm commodities and products of Commodity Credit Corporation in connection with major disasters warranting assistance under this chapter, see section 1427 of Title 7, Agriculture.

§ 1855c. Cooperation with other agencies.

In providing such assistance hereunder, Federal agencies shall cooperate to the fullest extent possible with each other and with States and local governments, relief agencies, and the American National Red Cross, but nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to limit or in any way affect the responsibilities of the American National Red Cross under chapter 1 of Title 36. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 4, 64 Stat. 1110.)

§ 1855d. Coordination of Federal activities; rules and regulations.

(a) In the interest of providing maximum mobilization of Federal assistance under this chapter, the President is authorized to coordinate in such manner as he may determine the activities of Federal agencies in providing disaster assistance. The President may direct any Federal agency to utilize its available personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities, and other resources, in accordance with the authority herein contained.

(b) The President may, from time to time, prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper to carry out any of the provisions of this chapter, and he may exercise any power or authority conferred on him by any section of this chapter either directly or through such Federal agency as he may designate. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 5, 64 Stat. 1110.)

Ex. ORD. NO. 10427. ADMINISTRATION OF DISASTER RELIEF Ex. Ord. No. 10427, Jan. 16, 1953, 18 F. R. 407, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10737, Oct. 29, 1957, 22 F. R. 8799; Ex. Ord. No. 10773, July 1, 1958, 23 F. R. 5061; Ex. Ord. No. 10782, Sept. 6, 1958, 23 F.R. 6971; Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, provided: By virtue

of the authority vested in me by the act of September 30, 1950, entitled "An Act to authorize Federal assistance to States and local governments in major disasters, and for other purposes", 64 Stat. 1109, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1855 ff.) [this chapter], hereinafter referred to as the act, and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. The following-described authority and functions shall be exercised or performed by the Director of the Office of Emergency Planning:

(a) The authority conferred upon the President by section 3 of the act [section 1855 (b) of this title] to direct Federal agencies to provide assistance in major disasters.

(b) The authority conferred upon the President by section 5 (a) of the act [subsection (a) of this section] to coordinate the activities of Federal agencies in providing disaster assistance, and to direct any Federal agency to utilize its available personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities, and other resources, in accordance with the authority contained in the act.

(c) The authority conferred upon the President by section 7 of the Act [section 1855f of this title] to reimburse any Federal agency for any of its authorized expenditures made under section 3 of the Act [section 1855b of this title] in connection with a major disaster: Provided, however, That such reimbursement shall be made from funds allocated by the President to the Administrator for use in aid of a specific State under section 2 (e) 2 of the Executive order by which this subsection (c) was added to this order [Ex. Ord. 10737 set out as a note under this section], and, Provided further, That such authority shall be exercised subject to the concurrence of the Director of the Bureau of the Budget.

(d) The authority to issue rules and regulations governing such reimbursement, subject to the concurrence of the Director of the Bureau of the Budget.

(e) The authority to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper to carry out the provisions of sections 3 and 5 of the Act, as amended [sections 1855b and 1855d of this title].

(f) The preparation of proposed rules and regulations for the consideration of the President and issuance by him under section 5 (b) of the act [subsection (b) of this section].

(g) The preparation of the annual and supplemental reports provided for by section 8 of the act [section 1855g of this title], for the consideration of the President and transmittal by him to the Congress.

SEC. 2. In order to further the most effective utilization of the personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities, and other resources of Federal agencies pursuant to the act during a major disaster, such agencies shall from time to time make suitable plans and preparations in anticipation of their responsibilities in the event of a major disaster. The Director of the Office of Emergency Planning shall coordinate on behalf of the President such plans and preparations.

SEC. 3. To the extent authorized by the act, the Director of the Office of Emergency Planning shall foster the development of such State and local organizations and plans as may be necessary to cope with major disasters.

SEC. 4. Nothing in this order shall be construed to prevent any Federal agency from affording such assistance and taking such other action as may accord with the existing policies, practices, or statutory authority of such agency in the event of any disaster which will not permit delay in the commencement of Federal assistance or other Federal action, and pending the determination of the President whether the disaster is a major disaster: Provided, That such assistance and such other action shall be subject to coordination by the Federal Civil Defense Administrator acting on behalf of the President.

SEC. 5. The Director of the Office of Emergency Planning may delegate any authority or function delegated or assigned to him by the provisions of this order to any other officer or officers of the Office of Emergency Planning or, with the consent of the head thereof, to any other Federal agency.

SEC. 6. Federal disaster relief provided under the act shall be deemed to be supplementary to relief afforded by State, local, or private agencies and not in substitution therefor; Federal financial contributions for disaster

relief shall be conditioned upon reasonable State and local expenditures for such relief; the limited responsibility of the Federal Government for disaster relief shall be made clear to State and local agencies concerned; and the States shall be encouraged to provide funds which will be available for disaster relief purposes.

SEC. 7. As used herein, the terms "major disaster” and "Federal agency" shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the act.

SEC. 8. So much of the records of the Housing and Home Finance Agency relating to the activities delegated by Executive Order No. 10221 [set out as a note under this section] as the Housing and Home Finance Administrator and the Director of the Office of Emergency Planning shall jointly determine shall be transferred to the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization.

SEC. 9. Executive Order No. 10221 of March 2, 1951 (16 F. R. 2051), is hereby revoked: Provided, That the Housing and Home Finance Administrator is hereby authorized and directed to carry out and complete all activities, including reports thereon, provided for by that order in connection with any disaster determined, in accordance with the provisions of the act and prior to the effective date of this order, to be a major disaster: And provided further, That the Housing and Home Finance Administrator shall prepare the annual and supplemental reports provided for by section 8 of the act [section 1855g of this title] for the calendar year 1952 for the consideration of the President and transmittal by him to the Congress.

SEC. 10. This order shall become effective January 16, 1953.

Ex. ORD. NO. 10737. FURTHER PROVISIONS FOR THE
ADMINISTRATION OF DISASTER RELIEF

Ex. Ord. No. 10737, Oct. 29, 1957, 22 F. R. 8799, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10773, July 1, 1958, 23 F. R. 5061; Ex. Ord. No. 10782, Sept. 6, 1958, 23 F.R. 6971; Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, provided:

SECTION 1. Any State in which a major disaster has occurred which can establish the need for Federal assistance and which shall give such assurance as may be required of expenditure of a reasonable amount of the funds of the government of such State, local governments therein, or other agencies, for the same or similar purpose with respect to such disaster shall be eligible to receive Federal assistance under this order.

SEC. 2. The following procedures for qualifying for assistance under this order shall be observed upon the occurrence, or, insofar as applicable, upon the threat, of a major disaster within a State which, in the opinion of its Governor, constitutes or will eventuate in, respectively, a major disaster requiring supplementary Federal assistance:

(a) The Governor shall present to the Director of the Office of Emergency Planning (hereinafter referred to as the Director), through the appropriate Regional Director of the Office of Emergency Planning, any request for Federal assistance, which request shall include assurance of expenditure of a reasonable amount of the funds of the State, local governments therein, or other agencies for alleviating damage resulting from such disaster, together with the following information:

(1) An estimate of the severity and extent of damage resulting from the disaster and the total funds, personnel, equipment, and material or other resources required to alleviate such damage. As used in this order, the term "damage" comprehends suffering and hardship.

(2) A statement of action taken or recommended to be taken by the State legislature or local legislative and governing authorities with regard to the disaster.

(3) An estimate of State and local funds, personnel, equipment and material or other resources, available and to be made available, to alleviate such damage.

(4) A statement of the extent and nature of Federal assistance needed, including an estimate of the minimum Federal funds, personnel, equipment, material or other resources needed to alleviate the damage.

(b) Any Regional Director shall forward each request for Federal assistance received by him from a Governor in consonance with the provisions of this order, together with a report and the recommendations of the Regional Director thereon, to the Director.

(c) The Director shall forward to the President each request of a Governor for assistance under this order, together with the Administrator's recommendation as to action by the President thereon. In arriving at his recommendation the Director shall consider (1) the severity and extent of the disaster, (2) the reasonableness of State and local efforts in relation to the severity of the disaster, the resources and funds available to State and local governments for the alleviation of damage resulting from the disaster, and the operational disaster plans of the State and local governments, (3) the extent and nature of Federal assistance requested, (4) the report and recommendation of the Regional Director, and (5) any other available information.

(d) Upon consideration of any request of a Governor hereunder and of information and recommendations pertaining thereto, a determination will be made by the President as to whether or not the conditions constitute a major disaster within the meaning of the Act [this chapter], and the Governor will be notified immediately of such determination.

(e) If it is determined that a major disaster has occurred or threatens,

(1) Federal assistance will be made available on the basis of an agreement, which shall be jointly executed by the Governor, acting for the State, and the Director, acting for the Federal Government. Such agreement shall contain the assurance of the State that a reasonable amount of the funds of the State, local governments or other agencies therein will be expended in alleviating damage caused by the disaster and such other terms and conditions, consistent with the provisions of the Act [this chapter], as the Director may require.

(2) If and as may be necessary, the President will allocate to the Director funds for use in connection with the specific major disaster. The funds so allocated to the Director may be utilized by him (1) upon a showing of need, for reallocation for use in aid of the State and local governments, and (ii) for reimbursement pursuant to the provisions of section 1 (c) of Executive Order No. 10427 of January 16, 1953 [set out as a note under this section], as added by this order.

(f) Federal assistance heretofore or hereafter extended under the Act shall terminate upon notice by the Director to the Governor of the State in which a major disaster has occurred, or upon the expiration of one year from the date of notification to the Governor of the President's determination that a major disaster exists, whichever is first: Except, however, in unusual circumstances, the Director, with the consent of the President, may extend this period: Provided, That upon a showing of need, the Director may extend such termination dates, for such purposes and such periods of time as he may determine to be necessary, with respect to disaster relief assistance solely for agricultural purposes.

SEC. 3. [Amended section 1 of Ex. Ord. 10427, set out as note under this section.]

SEC. 4. (a) The Director of the Office of Emergency Planning may carry out any authority or function delegated or assigned to him by the provisions of this order through any other officer of the Office of Emergency Planning.

(b) The Director of the Office of Emergency Planning may delegate or assign to the head of any agency of the executive branch of the Government, subject to the consent of the agency head concerned in each case, any authority or function delegated or assigned to the said Director by the provisions of this order. Any such head of agency may redelegate any authority or function so delegated or assigned to him by the Director to any officer or employee subordinate to such head of agency whose appointment is required to be made by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

§ 1855e. Repair and reconstruction of damaged United States facilities; availability of funds.

If facilities owned by the United States are damaged or destroyed in any major disaster and the Federal agency having jurisdiction thereof lacks the authority or an appropriation to repair, recon

struct, or restore such facilities, such Federal agency is authorized to repair, reconstruct, or restore such facilities to the extent necessary to place them in a reasonably usable condition and to use therefor any available funds not otherwise immediately required: Provided, however, That the President shall first determine that the repair, reconstruction, or restoration is of such importance and urgency that it cannot reasonably be deferred pending the enactment of specific authorizing legislation or the making of an appropriation therefor. If sufficient funds are not available to such Federal agency for use in repairing, reconstructing, or restoring such facilities as above provided, the President is authorized to transfer to such Federal agency funds made available under this chapter in such amount as he may determine to be warranted in the circumstances. If said funds are insufficient for this purpose, there is authorized to be appropriated to any Federal agency repairing, reconstructing, or restoring facilities under authority of this section such sum or sums as may be necessary to reimburse appropriated funds to the amount expended therefrom. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 6, 64 Stat. 1111.)

§ 1855f. Utilization of services and facilities of other agencies; employment of temporary personnel; incurring of obligations; reimbursement.

In carrying out the purposes of this chapter, any Federal agency is authorized to accept and utilize with the consent of any State or local government, the services and facilities of such State or local government, or of any agencies, officers, or employees thereof. Any Federal agency, in performing any activities under section 1855b of this title, is authorized to employ temporarily additional personnel without regard to the civil-service laws and the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, and to incur obligations on behalf of the United States by contract or otherwise for the acquisition, rental, or hire of equipment, services, materials, and supplies for shipping, drayage, travel and communication, and for the supervision and administration of such activities. Such obligations, including obligations arising out of the temporary employment of additional personnel, may be incurred by any agency in such amount as may be made available to it by the President out of the funds specified in section 1855g of this title. The President may, also, out of such funds, reimburse any Federal agency for any of its expenditures under section 1855b of this title in connection with a major disaster, such reimbursement to be in such amounts as the President may deem appropriate. (Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, § 1106 (a), 63 Stat. 972; Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 7, 64 Stat. 1111.)

the aggregate, to carry out the purposes of this chapter. The President shall transmit to the Congress at the beginning of each regular session a full report covering the expenditure of the amounts so appropriated with the amounts of the allocations to each State under this chapter. The President may from time to time transmit to the Congress supplemental reports in his discretion, all of which reports shall be referred to the Committees on Appropriations and the Committees on Public Works of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (Sept. 30, 1950, ch. 1125, § 8, 64 Stat. 1111.)

(a) The term "agency head" means the head of any executive department, military department, agency, or independent establishment in the executive branch of the Government;

(b) The term "fire protection" includes personal services and equipment required for fire prevention, the protection of life and property from fire, and fire fighting; and

(c) The term "fire organization" means any governmental entity or public or private corporation or association maintaining fire protection facilities within the United States, its Territories and possessions, and any governmental entity or public or private corporation or association which maintains fire protection facilities in any foreign country in the vicinity of any installation of the United States. (May 27, 1955, ch. 105, § 1, 69 Stat. 66.)

§ 1856a. Authority to enter into reciprocal agreement; waiver of claims; reimbursement; ratification of prior agreements.

(a) Each agency head charged with the duty of providing fire protection for any property of the United States is authorized to enter into a reciprocal agreement, with any fire organization maintaining fire protection facilities in the vicinity of such property, for mutual aid in furnishing fire protection for such property and for other property for which such organization normally provides fire protection. Each such agreement shall include a waiver by each party of all claims against every other party for compensation for any loss, damage, personal injury, or death occurring in consequence of the performance of such agreement. Any such agreement may provide for the reimbursement of any party for all or any part of the cost incurred by such party in furnishing fire protection for or on behalf of any other party.

(b) Any agreement heretofore executed which would have been authorized by this chapter, if this chapter had been in effect on the date of execution thereof, is ratified and confirmed. (May 27, 1955, ch. 105, § 2, 69 Stat. 66.)

§ 1856b. Emergency assistance.

In the absence of any agreement authorized or ratified by section 1856a of this title, each agency head is authorized to render emergency assistance in extinguishing fires and in preserving life and property from fire, within the vicinity of any place at which such agency maintains fire-protection facilities, when the rendition of such assistance is determined, under regulations prescribed by the agency head, to be in the best interest of the United States. (May 27, 1955, ch. 105, § 3, 69 Stat. 67.)

§ 1856c. Service in line of duty.

Any service performed under section 1856a or section 1856b of this title, by any officer or employee of the United States or any member of any armed force of the United States shall constitute service rendered in line of duty in such office, employment, or force. The performance of such service by any other individual shall not constitute such individual an officer or employee of the United States for the purposes of the Federal Employees' Compensation Act, as amended. (May 27, 1955, ch. 105, § 4, 69 Stat. 67.) REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Federal Employees' Compensation Act, referred to in the text, is classified to sections 751-756, 757-781, 783-791 and 793 of Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees.

duties of Secretary.

(a) Research, investigations, experiments, train, demonstrations, surveys and studies; technical services and financial assistance; specific problems of air pollution; sulfur extraction research program.

(b) Availability of information and recommendations; cooperative activities; research grants, etc.; contract; training; fellowships; collection and dissemination of basic data on chemical, physical and biological effects of air quality; process, method and device development.

(c) Results of other scientific studies; criteria reflecting latest scientific knowledge: availability, revisions; recommendations of criteria of air quality.

1857c. Grants for air pollution control programs. (a) Amount; limitations; "regional air pollution control program" defined.

(b) Terms and conditions; regulations; factors for consideration; expenditure and consultation requirements.

(c) State expenditure limitation.

Sec.

1857d. Enforcement measures against air pollution. (a) Air pollution subject to abatement. (b) Encouragement of municipal, State and interstate action.

(c) Notification of interstate and intrastate pollution; conference of municipal, State and interstate agencies; conference for interstate pollution called by Secretary: agency cooperation on surveys or studies; persons in attendance at conference; notice of conference date; summary of conference discussions.

(d) Recommendations of Secretary for remedial action by agencies; commencement of recommended action.

(e) Public hearings: place, notice, evidence; hearing board: number, membership, findings as to occurrence of pollution and progress toward abatement, recommendations to Secretary of measures reasonable and suitable to secure abatement; Secretary's transmission of findings and recommendations for abatement within reasonable time.

(f) Judicial proceedings to secure abatement of the pollution.

(g) Federal court proceedings; evidence; jurisdiction of court.

(h) Compensation and travel expenses for members of hearing board.

(1) Information reports: filling with Secretary, form, contents, oath, time for filing, divulgence of trade secrets, confidential information; defaults; forfeitures: payments into Treasury, civil actions, venue, remission or mitigation, duty of United States attorneys.

1857e. Automotive vehicle exhaust and fuel pollution. (a) Technical committee for development of exhaust control devices and pollution free fuels; membership; representation of Government and industries; meetings; functions.

§ 1857. Congressional findings; purposes of chapter. (a) The Congress finds

(1) that the predominant part of the Nation's population is located in its rapidly expanding metropolitan and other urban areas, which generally cross the boundary lines of local jurisdictions and often extend into two or more States; (2) that the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution brought about by urbanization, industrial development, and the increasing use of motor vehicles, has resulted in mounting dangers to the public health and welfare, including injury to agricultural crops and livestock,