a function that is sort of airtight or as close to airtight as possible. to reach the objectives of properly informing the President and establishing a scientific policy, Dr. David?

Dr. DAVID. Yes.

Mr. MYERS. If you had the responsibility of structuring this on your own, who would you call upon for advice to develop the relationships that we are trying to put into action at this time?

Dr. DAVID. I believe the question of organization for research and development in industry has been studied extensively. This matter could be discussed by a number of industrial scientists, most of whom are members of the Industrial Research Institute. I believe you should call on the president of that group for input with respect to the industrial organization of R. & D. The president is Dr. Bruce Hannay of Bell Telephone Laboratories.

In my view, I believe when you examine the literature of industrial R. & D., you will find that the organizational details are based upon. the fundamental antagonism in an industrial enterprise between the conservative elements who look to the bottom line on a day-by-day or week-by-week basis and those elements that try to look a few years ahead, and ask for resources with which to assure the future.

This nearsightedness versus farsightedness is not strange to the Congress. I think that you see this yourself in dealings with the Government and industry. Any organization must take into account the conflict between those two elements. I could describe how various industrial organizations have organized to permit a balance between those forces, but perhaps it is clear enough what the objectives would be. The organizational details are, perhaps, secondary.

Mr. MYERS. Thank you.

I ask that the committee consider contacting the organization that the doctor mentioned in regard to some input into this matter. Mr. HECHLER. They are testifying Thursday.

Mr. MYERS. Thank you.

Mr. HECHLER. Thank you very much, Dr. David.

One fourth and final witness this morning is Dr. John C. Calhoun, representing the National Association of State Universities and LandGrant Colleges, Association of American Colleges, Association of American Universities, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, and American Council on Education; vice president for academic affairs, Texas A. M. University.

On any baseball team, the heaviest hitter is always put on fourth. The doctor represents these groups.

Do you have a prepared statement at this time that you would care to submit for the record?

Dr. CALHOUN. Yes.

Mr. HECHLER. You can summarize the statement.

Dr. CALHOUN. I have a prepared statement. I would be happy to have it introduced into the record.

Mr. HECHLER. Without objection, the entire statement is placed in the record.

STATEMENT OF DR. JOHN C. CALHOUN, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE UNIVERSITIES AND LAND-GRANT COLLEGES, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITIES AND AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION; VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS, TEXAS A. & M. UNIVERSITY

Mr. CALHOUN. The principles and goals of the proposed legislation are very timely and give national recognition to the nature of the culture which we have developed and to its importance for our future welfare. Science and technology, although they are based on the physical world, are forces for economic, social, and cultural change. Our future economic welfare, the effective use of our natural resources, and the development of the highest quality of life will depend upon our use of the forces of science and technology as an integral part of our planning, decisionmaking, and operations.

It is important that national recognition be given to these concepts. There should be an organized framework for assuring that scientific and technological information will be considered in our planning and decisionmaking, that methods be provided to identify and nurture new technological systems, and that our young people and the public at large have the opportunity to understand the central importance of the use of science and technology in maintaining the Nation's welfare and their mode of life. The proposed National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975 speaks to these issues and provides a rational framework for dealing with them.

The academic institutions of this Nation have played a large role in the development of national scientific and technological capabilities. Through traditional and newly developed educational programs these institutions provide the basic educational training in science and technology for the Nation. The faculties and professional staffs of these institutions have played and continue to play key roles in leading scientific and technological societies of the Nation, in advising local, city, and Federal governments, in providing leadership for special scientific panels and inquiries of national importance, and in representing national scientific and technological interests in international arenas.

The academic institutions of the Nation carry on a large proportion of the basic research on which our total scientific and technological effort is built. They provide numerous public services including continuing education of adults, and the dissemination of scientific and technological information to the public at large.

At the same time it must be recognized that colleges and universities can contribute effectively only if the general science policies of the Nation are sound. This point can be made explicit by noting some of the science policy issues that are of vital concern to colleges and universities.

One: What principles should govern the national investment in basic research?

Two: How can the shifting of national research priorities in response to changes in national needs be reconciled with the essential need for reasonable stability in basic research funding? Effective

solution of the practical problems of future decades is dependent upon the basic research done in the present.

Three: What principles should govern the financing of guarduate students who will form the manpower pool for future planning, management, and operation in science and technology? How are the principles of free choice in a free society to be reconciled with the need to relate the numbers of students to future career possibilities?

Four: To what extent should the Federal Government view universities as contractors whose services can be purchased at will by individual Federal agencies, and to what extent should the Federal Government be concerned with the continuing vitality of researchoriented colleges and universities as resources whose continuing capacities are important to the Nation? To date, the Federal Government has taken the position of no concern for the continuing strength of these institutions.

The Federal Government appears to take the view that it has no responsibility if the actions of individual agencies impose strains on universities, force costly discontinuities, elevate costs by uncoordinated procedures, or cause operating support funds to fluctuate widely as a result of uncoordinated actions of the separate agencies. In practice, universities are veiwed only as places where projects of interest to Federal agencies can be done under grant or contract, with no concern or commitment for the flexibility, vigor, and productivity of the institutions or their faculties.

We believe that a science advisory apparatus in the White House is an indispensable part of the structure needed to implement a national policy. For this reason, the colleges and universities of the Nation applaud the reestablishment of a science advisory mechanism in the White House, and they hope that any differences that may exist over details will not delay the adoption of legislation ratifying the new

structure.

We see much merit also in a Council of Advisers, as proposed in H.R. 4461. However, we are fully aware, as the chairman's statement on the bill states, that the President will not use "a science advisory mechanism in the Executive Office which the President may find distasteful or foreign to his mode of operation."

We suggest to the committee that this might be done by adding to section 101(b) of title I another national goal for science and technology which could be phrased as follows:

(7) Developing professional and technical manpower capable of assessing science and technology and of utilizing it efficiently for national purposes.

To further reinforce the concept, we suggest that the training and education of an adequate number of persons to utilize and manage the Nation's scientific and technological efforts be included among the principles stated in section 102 of the act. Accordingly, the committee may wish to consider restating section 102 (4) as follows:

(4) The training and education of adequate professional and technical personnel for developing, carrying out and managing the nation's scientific and technological efforts, and the development of programs to insure their future utilization, including retraining when appropriate.

Along these same lines, the duties and functions of the science advisory apparatus listed under title II, section 202, might include also

an explicit responsibility for reporting and assessing manpower for scientific and technological purposes.

The universities are an institutional resource which to a large degree operate in the public domain, which bridge the public and private sectors, form a national network of research and training, and which merge local and national views. In the most fundamental sense the academic institutions of this Nation are instruments of change, and particularly of scientific and technological change. A partnership relation with government to achieve the goals of the National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975 should be based upon this fundamental concept rather than upon the traditional Government agency/ contract relationship. In recognition of this point of view we suggest that the committee may wish to consider adding a sixth principle to section 102 which might read as follows:

(6) The creation and support of institutional arrangements which will engender effective cooperation and mutual interactions among government-based, industrybased and academically-based scientific and technological groups for the common purposes of advancing national technological welfare.

In short, the spirit and intent of the National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975 cannot be achieved solely through building or expanding Government agencies. It will take the combined resources of the Nation's scientific and technological institutions, working cooperatively and on a mutually interacting basis, in industry, government and academia. It is important to the declaration and achievement of a national policy to recognize this issue and to prepare for its implementation.

Educational institutions operate not only in the areas of instruction and research but also in the areas of disseminating information and improving public understanding. The educational institutions of this Nation have played a key role in the development of our highly technological agricultural system through the well-known land-grant concepts which include extension activities. Similarly, newer programs such as the Sea Grant college program, the NSF Technology Utilization programs, industrial extension programs, and business related programs have build on this concept of extension and continuing education for all types of professional areas and through all types of university structures. The educational institutions of this country offer this informational resource and capability for realizing the goals of the National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975 The total technological advances of the Nation must be interpreted to its citizens. The funding of research and the analyses of our technological system must be made available to users at large. The stated policies of the proposed act cannot be realized unless the citizens of the Nation are fully informed and can make the most effective use of our scientific and technological progress. We need to improve our programs for dissemination of information, for science advisory programs, and for technology utilization. Consequently, it is suggested that the committee consider an additional item to be added as a declaration for implementing the policy enunciated. An eighth item under title I, section 102 (b) might read as follows:

(8) The effective implementation of this policy will require that the citizens of the nation be kept fully informed of the role which technology plays in the national welfare and of the manner in which technology can be used for the

public benefit. It is recognized as a function of the federal program to provide public dissemination of technological information and public advisory channels for technological progress.

Title IV of H.R. 4461 proposes a new science and technology information and utilization corporation to carry out the broad policies stated in title I of the bill. As in the case of the proposed new Department of Research and Technology Operations, the considerations that must be weighed in deciding upon the wisdom of establishing the corporation lie for the most part outside the area of expertise of colleges and universities, and we take no position on

the matter.

In conclusion, we heartily endorse the purposes of the bill and the establishment of a mechanism in the White House to provide science advice to the President. We have suggested additions to the bill which are intended to clarify and to make explicit the intent of the national science policy to include manpower development not only for special scientific, engineering, and technological programs, but also for the managers and users of technology; to emphasize the importance of public understanding and the dissemination of technological information; and to recognize the basic role of the educational institutions of this Nation as full partners in achieving the spirit and intent of the National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. We stand ready, as educational institutions, to do what we can in this direction.

Mr. HECHLER. Thank you very much for this extremely helpful testimony. Are there any questions or observations by the members of the committee? We are particularly pleased that you emphasized the way in which educational institutions can be geared into making more effective this legislation. We do appreciate your specific suggestions.

There being no further comments or questions from the members of the committee, I want to express our thanks to you, Dr. Calhoun, and to the others that testified this morning.

Dr. CALHOUN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I understand your time. situation this morning.

Mr. HECHLER. Thank you. The committee stands adjourned. [Whereupon at 12:10 p.m., the committee adjourned.]

[The complete prepared statement and a biographical sketch of Dr. John C. Calhoun is as follows:]

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