In addition to these subjects, the interrogator should have a knowledge of basic psychology and neurolinguis tics. PROFICIENCY IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE The interrogator must be proficient in one or more foreign languages to exploit both human sources and CEDs. According to the GPW, a prisoner must be questioned in a language he understands. The more proficient an interrogator is with the target language, the better he will be able to develop rapport with his source, understand the nuances of the source's speech, and follow up on source leads to additional information. The skilled linguist will be able to translate CEDS quicker and more accurately than the interrogator who is merely familiar with the target language. KNOWLEDGE OF THE TARGET COUNTRY The interrogator should be familiar with the social, political, and economic institutions; geography, history, language; and culture of the target country. Since many sources will readily discuss nonmilitary topics, the interrogator • May induce reluctant prisoners to talk by discussing the geography, economics, or politics of the target country. • May gradually introduce significant topics into the discussion to gain insight about the conditions and attitudes in the target country. • Should keep abreast of major and current events as they occur in the target country to better understand the general situation, as well as causes and repercussions. LAW OF WAR The interrogator should understand US law of war obligations contained in the GWS, GPW, and GC regarding the treatment of EPWs, retained personnel, and civilian internees (see Figure 1-4). ENEMY MATERIEL AND EQUIPMENT The interrogator should be familiar with the capabilities, limitations, and employment of standard weapons and equipment so he may recognize and identify changes, revisions, and innovations. Some of the more common subjects of interest to the interrogator include the following: • Small arms. • Infantry support weapons. • Artillery. • Aircraft. • Vehicles. • Communications equipment. • NBC defense. INTERROGATOR CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS HUMINT collection is capable of obtaining information pertinent to all six IEW tasks: • Situation development. • Target development and target acquisition. • I&W. IPB. • BDA • Force protection. Interrogators are trained as linguists to question EPWs and civilian detainees and to exploit CEDs. During their collection, interrogators attempt to obtain and report any information possessed by these targets that pertains to the IEW tasks. This persistence is determined by comparing the information obtained to the SIR contained in the interrogation element's collection mission. Interrogators are capable of collecting information on political, economic, and a wide range of military topics. For the most part, interrogators attempt to organize their collection effort according to the OB elements analysts use. In addition to these elements, interrogators also obtain PIR-directed information on the FM 34-52 missions assigned to enemy units. Appendix B discusses relevant questioning guides. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS The environment in which interrogation operations are performed affects the degree of success achieved. There are primarily two areas, both having limitations, upon which the interrogators depend: The IEW process which gives direction and purpose to their collection efforts. • The conduct of combat operations which provides them with collection targets; that is, EPWS, detainees, and CEDs. If the IEW process or combat operations are not ideal, use what you can to capitalize on capabilities. IEW Process The IEW process can limit interrogators by assigning collection missions which are not suited to HUMINT collection capabilities; as well as by not disseminating copies of the following reports: • Intelligence summary (INTSUM). • Intelligence report (INTREP). • Daily intelligence summary (DISUM). • Periodic intelligence report (PERINTREP). • Supplementary intelligence report (SUPINTREP). Other intelligence reports. Combat Operations Combat operations can limit interrogators by—— • Delaying evacuation of EPWs or detainees and captured documents, thereby limiting time available to exploit them. • Allowing prisoners and documents to be mishandled, thereby decreasing their exploitation potential. • Not providing the equipment, supplies, and secure communications needed for successful operations. INHERENT LIMITATIONS Interrogation operations are also limited by the very nature of HUMINT collection. EPWs or detainees and CEDs must actually have the desired information before interrogators can collect it. With EPWs or detainees, there is always the possibility knowledgeable individuals may refuse to cooperate. The UCMJ, GWS, GPW, and GC set definite limits on measures which can be taken to induce an EPW or detainee to cooperate. CONFLICTS HICS are conflicts between two or more nations and their respective allies, where the belligerents employ modern technology complemented by intelligence; mobility, firepower (to include NBC weapons); service support; and C' resources. MICs are conflicts between two or more nations and their respective allies, where the belligerents employ modern technology complemented by intelligence; mobility, firepower (without NBC); C; and service support resources for limited objectives under definitive policy limiting employment of destructive power and geography involved. LICS are political-military confrontations between contending states or groups below conventional war and above the routine, peaceful competition among states. They • Frequently involve protracted struggles of competing principles and ideologies. • Range from subversion to the use of armed force. • Are waged by combining and employing political, economic, informational, and military instruments. • Are often localized, generally in the Third World, but contain regional and global security implications. LIC operational intelligence requirements are HUMINT intensive and demand detailed familiarity with the military, political, and front organizations of the insurgent enemy, and the environment in which he operates. The interrogator's familiarity with the areas of operations (AOs) must include an understanding of the insurgency, its objectives, history, successes, and failures. This understanding is required not only on a general countrywide basis but also on an expanded basis within the interrogator's particular AO. Therefore, it is essential the interrogator grasps the importance the insurgent organization places on accomplishing political objectives as opposed to military successes. One measure of the interrogator's effectiveness is his ability to apply appropriate interrogation techniques to the personality of the source. Interrogations associated with LIC operations dictate the need for skill in the full range of interrogation techniques so the interrogator can conduct the many types of interrogations demanded. Warfighting doctrine IEW principles apply for LIC; however, intelligence indicators for insurgent activity are unique. Anything insurgents can do to influence and direct a society toward overthrowing its government is reflected by some action or indication, no matter how subtle. Some MI advisors may be required to assist paramilitary and nonmilitary elements in developing HUMINT sources and exploiting their information. As US forces are committed to the LIC operation, interrogation support will more closely adhere to the traditional tactical environment. Typical LIC missions arc FM 34-52 Counterinsurgency and insurgency support. • Combatting terrorism. • Peacekeeping and peacetime contingency operations. HUMINT is a major LIC source because of the necessity to exploit the local populace and to know and understand enemy intentions. In LIC, interrogators exploit EPWS and CEDs. For example, in addition to conducting EPW operations at collecting points, interrogators may participate in cordon and search and roadblock operations, tactical check points, and lowlevel collection missions in conjunction with the supporting Cl unit (see FM 34-60A(S)). Interrogators may also provide support to drug and law enforcement agency (DLEA) operations. INTERROGATION MISSIONS Interrogators perform various types of missions. As discussed previously, the two main missions are personnel and document exploitation. There are other functions for which interrogators are ideally suited because of their language and HUMINT training. These include-- • Linguist support to hostage negotiations, counterdrug, and special operation forces (SOF) opera tions. • LLSO linguist support. • Psychological operations (PSYOP) linguist support. Civil Affairs (CA) linguist support. • Treaty verification and observer duties. DRUG AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY OPERATIONS Army interrogators may assist Federal law enforcement authorities and, where lives are endangered, state and local law enforcement authorities, after concurrence by the Army General Counsel and approval by the Secretary of Defense or his designee. (See AR 381-10, Procedure 12, and AR 500-51.) Army interrogators may assist law enforcement agencies and security services or foreign governments or international organizations only in accordance with applicable law and policy, including any status of forces agreements. Such assistance will ordinarily constitute security assistance, which must be approved in accordance with AR 12-15. Under no circumstances will interrogators assist any law enforcement authorities in any manner without prior approval by competent authority after a legal review of the proposal. FM 34-52 CHAPTER 2 COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE The interrogation architecture (interrogators and interrogation units) is a seamless system that supports operations from brigade to theater level. The dynamic warfighting doctrine requires interrogation units be highly mobile and have automation and communication equipment to report information to the supported commander. Regardless of their employment level, interrogation units should be equipped with state-of-the-art automation equipment, necessary HUMINT software, and dedicated and secure communication equipment with skip echelon, digital, voice, facsimile, and optical scanning capability. This equipment enables interrogators to~ • Receive data base information. • Manipulate that information. ⚫ Incorporate it into their operational data bases. • Produce tactical information reports. By using secure communication equipment, interrogators are able to disseminate time-sensitive information to the supported commander as answers to his PIR which facilitates decision-making. The Prisoner of War Information System (PWIS) is a databased system maintained by the provost marshal's office at theater level. It has the capability to recall an EPW's evacuation audit trail. This prisoner of war interrogation (IPW) communication and automation system facilitates transmission of EPW-derived information from brigade to theater, it precludes duplicated effort in EPW of CED exploitation. The MI unit commander must ensure interrogators have the necessary equipment to accomplish their wartime mission. The MI unit commander retains overall responsibility for interrogators assigned to his unit. The manner in which these interrogators are controlled depends on how the MI unit is task organized for combal If interrogators are deployed in general support (GS) of the division, the MI battalion commander exercises control over them through his S3 and the battalion tactical operations center (TOC). If interrogators are deployed in direct support (DS) of a division's subordinate units, they are tasked by the commanders of those units through their S2s. TACTICAL OPERATIONS CENTER Normally, interrogators are a primary source of OB information. The interrogation element chief should ensure that he or someone appointed to this duty has daily personal contact with the division or corps collection management and dissemination (CM&D) section at the TOC. During these visits, all questions and information pertaining to OB and intelligence target priority lists can be discussed and later disseminated to various interrogators. Interrogator elements must receive all reports and findings made by analysts; in turn, all interrogation reports should reach analysts. Direct contact must be maintained between these two elements, preferably in person or by telephone. This ensures access to important information which may arise between liaison visits. TASKING RELATIONSHIPS When interrogators are task-organized under the IEW company, the team leader directs the tasking. The DS and GS teams are under operational control (OPCON) to the IEW company when they are support. ing that company. The officers responsible for tasking interrogation elements ensure the following steps are accomplished: • Collection missions that reflect the capabilities and limitations of interrogators are assigned. • INTREPS are integrated with information provided by other collectors during the IPB process. • Copies of the INTSUM, INTREP, PERINTREP, DISUM, and SUPINTREP are disseminated to the interrogation element as they are published. • Close contact is maintained with the interrogation element. |