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naissance sensors) will decrease significantly in FY 72.

The Department of Defense's plans for FY 72 are primarily concerned with improving services to localized operations. In this respect, Defense is upgrading a number of its Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) ground equipment to receive the transmissions from the newer meteorological satellites, particularly the NOAA and GOES series. The Department is purchasing and installing additional Runway Visual Range (RVR) computers and digital wind systems at a number of its airbases to support the new Category II Instrument Landing Systems (ILS). In further response to the Report on Hurricane Weather Reconnaissance to the President by the Secretary of Commerce on September 26, 1969, Defense is continuing its program of modernizing and upgrading the aircraft in its reconnaissance programs. Defense is also expanding its pilot-to-forecasters weather dissemination system and expanding its radar remoting as indicated in the Federal Plan for Weather Radars and Remote Displays. Most of the Defense radar program is a carryover from unfunded programs of previous

years.

SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM

The Department of Commerce with support from the Department of Transportation will continue the development of objective techniques for observing clouds and visibility as part of the longterm goal of completely automating aviation surface weather observations. Priority is being given to these developments, with emphasis on the solution of "small station" and "en route" problems. Objective observations of other elements, such as obstructions to vision and precipitation type, are also being considered. Consideration will be given to optimum methods for providing the product to the user. Actual field experiments will be performed in FY 72 using various aviation dissemination alternatives. The experiments will be based on dissemination alternatives which were assessed previously as to cost-effectiveness through the application of analytic modeling techniques.

The aviation weather research program of the Department of Transportation is designed to provide the technical and operational developments needed to improve the performance and use of existing components of weather acquisition, transfer, processing, and display equipment; and to modify specific components for integration into the modernized configuration of the National Airspace System. In this program, the FAA will continue development of improved techniques for hazardous weather and turbulence detection, using Doppler

radar and other detection devices; will conduct research to evaluate techniques and equipment for detecting and predicting clear air turbulence (CAT); will continue development of automated methods for producing aviation terminal forecasts with greater accuracy, timeliness, and reliability; and will investigate the feasibility of developing techniques for the production of automated forecasts of meteorological elements for flight levels between 40,000 and 100,000 feet.

In addition, the FAA will investigate possible methods of improving mass pilot briefings at Flight Service Stations (FSS) and investigate the feasibility of using automatic data processing methods to prepare flight profiles for use in briefing pilots; will investigate the feasibility of producing forecasts of CAT probability to 12 hours in advance; and will conduct research on aircraft wake turbulence and will develop techniques and systems to sense and suppress its effect on other aircraft.

The increase in FAA's planned program for FY 72 over FY 71 results principally from the development of techniques for handling the wake turbulence problem and a systems engineering maximum effort for solving environmental problems to increase the airport and airways system capacity.

The Department of Defense is conducting research directed toward improving prediction techniques and toward identifying, measuring, and analyzing the small-scale meteorological situations which, at jet stream levels, give rise to CAT. The result of this research should lead to the development of a remote-measuring device for CAT. The Department of Defense research and development efforts toward improvement of meteorological instruments in support of land- and sea-based aviation are also continuing.

NASA is investigating atmospheric turbulence to establish the relation between turbulence and synoptic meteorological conditions. The procedure will be to use concurrently the detailed Jimsphere wind profile data and high-resolution temperature data obtained from a temperature sensor designed by NASA and flown on the Jimsphere wind sensor. Other CAT studies have resulted in the development of a wind velocity sensor which utilizes coherent detection of the Doppler-shifted radiation scattered from atmospheric particulates. The developed instrumentation consists of a continuous-wave carbon-dioxide laser source coupled to the atmosphere by means of a telescope which serves as the backscatter collector. This type of instrumentation is to be used as an in-flight system to detect CAT and to provide detections of various locally generated phenomena such as aircraft wing-tip vortices.

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MARINE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE

OPERATIONAL PROGRAM

The operational program for FY 72 reflects a decrease of $539,000 below FY 71. Included in Commerce activities are programs to establish a Marine Forecast Office at San Francisco, Calif., and to augment the staff at Detroit, Mich. This small increase in program is offset by decreases in Navy and Coast Guard programs. SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM

Commerce plans to produce automated wave forecasts for the Great Lakes on an operational basis in FY 72. A wind forecast technique has been completed and an objective wave forecast system has been developed for all of the Great Lakes. Development has begun on an operational surf forecasting system which is expected to be completed and implemented in FY 72. Extratropical stormsurge forecast equations, based on a physical-statistical approach, will be evaluated and made operational if the evaluation is favorable. A dynamic approach (numerical model) will be used in developing an operational forecasting technique for hurricane storm surge. The Department is continuing the development of the National Data Buoy System transferred from the Department of Transportation to Commerce in the formation of NOAA. This Sys

MARINE METEOROLOGICAL

tem is a related program which will benefit meteorology; however, the funding is reported in the Federal Plan for Marine Environmental Prediction and is not included in this Plan. In an experiment initiated in early 1970, an engineering model buoy was deployed off the eastern coast of the United States to provide data for the operational conduct of the East Coast Winter Storms Operations Plan. This experiment is being continued.

The Department of Defense is continuing its effort toward the development of analysis and prediction models and techniques that will provide a global, automated prediction system for the collection, processing, dissemination, and display of environmental information for use in problems unique to military operations on a near real-time basis. The overall objective is the development of a total system which will, through automatic data processing techniques, process and analyze raw data from land-based, shipboard, airborne, buoy, and satellite meteorological- and oceanographic-measuring systems. Command estimates of the prospective success of environmentally affected military operations may then be made by utilizing accurate predictions and interpretations of the environment which are derived from advanced data processing and analysis techniques utilizing air-sea coupled mathematical models.

SERVICE, BY AGENCY Supporting research

Operations

Total

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SPACE OPERATIONS METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE

OPERATIONAL PROGRAM

There is no significant change in the level of funding budgeted for Space Operations Meteorological Service for FY 72. While there are no planned significant changes in this Service, continuing in-house efforts are being made to improve the existing Service.

SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM

The Department of Defense has a continuing program for the development of improved meteorological instrumentation to meet the specialized needs of both the Eastern and Western Test Ranges. Specialized instrumentation and data are utilized to assist in scheduling launch operations, evaluating missile and payload flight performance, making reentry calculations, and insuring range safety.

As part of its supporting research program, NASA is improving rockets and rocket-borne instruments and is investigating upper atmospheric phenomena using rocket data. Meteorological rocketsondes are used to obtain data at times of overflights of both Nimbus 3 and Nimbus 4 satellites, providing data from several independent rocket techniques for comparison with the satellite vertical sounders on board Nimbus 3 and 4.

AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OPERATIONAL PROGRAM

The FY 72 operational program shows no significant change in the level of funding over FY 71. SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM

The Department of Agriculture is funding the major portion of the supporting research for the Agricultural Meteorological Service. Studies are being conducted to determine the meteorological

factors associated with various types of plant diseases to provide criteria for forecasting those diseases with epidemic potential. Other studies include the relation between crop yield and windbreaks that influence the movement of air, soil, water, and snow. The relation between climate and that of cold hardiness, fruit quality, productivity, and drought resistance of citrus are being determined. The Department is supporting the analysis of weather data from surface and satellite observations to evaluate the environmental effects and the fundamental impact of atmospheric variables on plant growth and yield. Simulation models are being constructed to maximize the climatic resources in agricultural decision-making; those atmospheric conditions conducive to air pollution are also being investigated.

In the Department of Commerce, methods are being developed for forecasting various fireweather parameters by means of the imperfect prognoses concept, using output from the smallscale advection model, primitive equation models, and observational data. An automated method of forecasting surface dew points at 89 U.S. cities for 1 to 4 days in advance has been implemented. In addition, equations for forecasting wind parameters at these cities have been developed.

GENERAL MILITARY METEOROLOGICAL
SERVICE

OPERATIONAL PROGRAM

The operational program for FY 72 reflects a decrease of $2,935,000 below FY 71. This modest change is an aftermath of retrenchment in overall military activities. Although there is a decrease in certain Department of Defense weather service offices to conform to base closures, this is offset by some expansion in the facilities at the AFGWC and purchase of weather equipment for the Naval Weapons Center at China Lake, Calif.

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SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM

All military research programs are designed to meet the unique requirements of the Department of Defense. Other Government agencies benefit from this research. Although Defense research programs have been categorized and discussed under previous sections of the Plan as research directed toward improvements in a specific Service (for example, Aviation Meteorological Service), these programs are also considered as research in support of the General Military Meteorological Service because they are directed at improving the meteorological support to the overall Defense mission.

The specific objectives of the Department in meteorological research include the following:

Improvement of the means for meteorological data management, including the collection, dissemination, evaluation, processing, storage, retrieval, display, and quality control of meteorological data and the processing of static data into meaningful and necessary prediction of meteorological conditions.

Identification of the impact of environmental conditions on weapons systems and military operations.

Determination of the atmospheric effects on transmission, refraction, and scattering of acoustic and electromagnetic energy and on dissemination of aerosols and radioactive fallout. Rapid conversion of meteorological information into such terms as may be useful to, or required by, operational commanders or be useful in the operation of weapons systems.

Improvement of weather observation, analysis, and prediction. Automatic observing and reporting systems for rapid, accurate observations of meteorological parameters are required. Improvements are also necessary in the unique observation equipment to support land- and seabased aircraft operations. Computerized systems for analyzing data and for providing accurate long-range weather predictions are required for all regions of the earth. Particular emphasis is placed on extending the present capabilities of prediction to the tropics, arctic regions, and the Southern Hemisphere, and on providing computerized local weather forecasts.

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE

OPERATIONAL PROGRAM

The FY 72 operational program shows an increase of $849,000 over FY 71. The significant portion of this increase is a result of the Department of Commerce's program to implement the provisions of the Federal Plan for Air Pollution Control Meteorological Service. In this connection, Commerce is acquiring an additional three low-level sounding systems and surface weather-observing devices to provide three-dimensional data input for forecasting air pollution potential, and is establishing and operating Environmental Meteorological Support Units (EMSU) at Detroit, Mich., Charleston, W. Va., and Portland, Oreg., in support of the Air Quality Control Region Programs of the EPA. Fur

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ther, Commerce is augmenting the monitoring facility at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and is establishing a new monitoring facility at a remote site in the Arctic. In addition, the FY 72 program will allow Commerce to assume funding support for two EMSU's established in FY 71 by a transfer of funds from EPA. To help insure an orderly growth of the Air Pollution Control Meteorological Service, EPA will continue to transfer funds to Commerce in FY 72 for augmentation of a centralized air stagnation forecasting and coordination unit at the NMC, for additional data acquisition sites, and for other activities.

SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM

The research program in air pollution meteorology supported by the Air Pollution Control Office (APCO) of the EPA is conducted by personnel on assignment from NOAA and by APCO contractors. In response to requirements originating from the description and implementation of Air Quality Control Regions, emphasis is being placed on the development, improvement, and validation of urban and regional atmospheric diffusion models. Some of these modeling efforts include: field tests in two cities to validate methods for assessing the distribution of carbon monoxide concentrations in urban areas; evaluation of the predictive accuracy of existing multiple-source urban diffusion models; testing of a multiple-source diffusion model in Chicago, Ill.; adaptation of an available numerical boundary-layer model to simulate urban-rural meteorological conditions; and analysis of the time and space variability of air quality, using data obtained from a regional air quality study for the State of Connecticut.

Anticipating rapid growth of fossil-fueled electric power production in the future, APCO scientists and its contractors are continuing their studies of dispersion of effluents from tall stacks at power generation facilities; problems arising from the release of pollutants, water vapor, and heat from cooling towers; transformation and dispersion of sulfur compounds and other constituents in powerplant plumes; and removal of plume effluent to the ground by natural precipitation processes. Many of these investigations are performed at power generation sites in western Pennsylvania and in the Tennessee Valley Authority areas.

Recent efforts by APCO to develop remote-sensing techniques for measuring meteorological parameters have produced an operational millimeter radiometer capable of yielding data that can give an estimate of mixing depth and thermal stability

of the lower atmosphere. Data reduction techniques for the radiometers are being tested and completed before the development of second generation units for operational deployment. The APCO is also supporting NOAA scientists in their development and testing of acoustic-sounding and laser crossed-beam correlation techniques for assessing wind and turbulence profiles in the planetary boundary layer. The use of LIDAR (laser-radar) for measuring plume geometry and height has been demonstrated by APCO scientists and by its con

tractors.

Following a recent critical review of the longterm effects of global air pollution on climate and weather, the global atmospheric turbidity network, sponsored by APCO since 1960, is being expanded in an attempt to identify trends in the earth's atmosphere on a global scale. Initial studies have indicated the feasibility of using satellites as platforms for measuring earth albedo and atmospheric turbidity.

APCO meteorologists are active in several international activities, including efforts of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to establish a network for global monitoring of air pollution; discussions of acid rain and urban modeling by the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD); and assistance to scientists of several North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries in solving their air pollution problems through the auspices of the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society.

A number of tasks that have been developed at NASA for meteorological satellites and for earth resources surveys have application in the air pollution field. In addition to these on-going tasks, NASA is pursuing work on remote measurements of air pollutants. The objective of this work is to develop techniques and systems for the remote detection and measurement of atmospheric pollutants from aircraft and orbital spacecraft. A nondispersive radiometric sensor for use in aircraft is being developed to verify a promising sensing technique for carbon monoxide and will be expanded for flight measurements of other gaseous atmospheric pollutants. Ground measurements of the spectral characteristics of highly polluted urban atmospheres are being obtained from a mobile van containing an infrared monochrometer which views the sun's spectrum through a long atmospheric path. The development of instrumentation and technology will provide the basic design information for satellite systems to monitor air pollution levels and provide data on temporal and spatial

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