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scientists throughout the world; through its activities, marine collections are made available to scientists everywhere. Marine collections have come from many national and international expeditions including, among others, the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the U.S. Antarctic Research Program cruises, the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic, and the Guinean Trawling Survey. The Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center (MMSC) in Tunisia, also operated by the Smithsonian, serves as the biological center for Cooperative Investigations of the Mediterranean, coordinated by the Intergovernmental Ocean

The JOHNSON-SEA-LINK, New Research Submersible of the Smithsonian Institution, Capable of Dives to 1,000 Feet

ographic Commission of UNESCO.

The Smithsonian Institution conducts research programs which contribute to the understanding and prediction of marine phenomena that occur over long time scales. These programs include estuarine and tropical marine ecological studies at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Sciences and at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, respectively.

The Institution also cooperates with the Navy in the Ocean Acre project, an extensive and comprehensive study of the acoustic and biological characteristics of a single water column.

International Activities

The United Nation's (UN) General Assembly has maintained continuing interest in marine science activities. The UN and its specialized agencies have continued to expand their activities in marine science on a worldwide basis, with the substantial support and the participation of the United States. Of particular significance is the Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS), a program of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) which is viewed in many ways as the international counterpart of MAREP Services of the United States.

The IGOSS is intended to be an amalgamation of national environmental monitoring and prediction systems brought together as a dynamic worldwide system for measuring or observing the marine environment, communicating or collecting and processing the data, and providing or disseminating a variety of products in real-time for use by marine interests. The IGOSS is a service-oriented program concentrating on the marine environment; it is being planned and developed in close conjunction with the World Weather Watch of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The World Weather Watch is an international cooperative program designed to make available to each participating Nation the basic meteorological information that the Nation requires, thus providing its users with the most efficient and effective meteorological service possible.

The IGOSS program was established through the adoption of IOC Resolution V-20 in September 1967 to give consideration to the growing need for oceanic data on a global scale by a wide range of users, including those in forecasting services, research, engineering, navigation, commerce, and fisheries. An International Committee, made up of Member States most active in the field, was established to plan and coordinate the development of the IGOSS program, both within the IOC and jointly with WMO and other interested international organizations. The "General Plan and Im

plementation Program of IGOSS for Phase I," developed through close collaboration between the IOC and WMO, was adopted by the IOC's 6th Session Resolution VI-7 in September 1969. The Plan was subsequently approved for implementation by the WMO in December 1969.

A pilot project for the collection, exchange, and evaluation of selected oceanographic data on an international basis is being planned by the IOC and WMO for late 1971. Such a project will mark a significant milestone in the realm of international cooperation under the aegis of the United Nations system. It will be the initial exchange of bathythermal observations by high-speed telecommunications that have been set up under the agreements within the UN system. The Global Telecommunications System (GTS) of the WMO World Weather Watch will be used as the principal means for data exchange.

Oceanographic research related to the on-going development of the IGOSS is being identified in conjunction with the IOC's Long-Term and Expanded Program of Oceanic Exploration and Research (LEPOR). The LEPOR is being implemented in accordance with the UN General Assembly Resolution 2560 (XXIV) of December 13, 1969. Serving as a stimulus and acceleration phase for LEPOR, the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE) also includes oceanographic research of benefit to the development of IGOSS. The IDOE was proposed by the United States in March 1968 and adopted by the UN General Assembly as an international commitment on December 21, 1968, through its Resolution 2467D (XXIII). Intergovernmental planning for both the IDOE and LEPOR by participating nations was begun in June 1969; in the United States, planning for the IDOE began in 1968.

Consideration is also being given to the possibility of conducting oceanographic experiments of potential benefit to the development of IGOSS in conjunction with the Tropical Experiment of the

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Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), sponsored jointly by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the WMO. Problems of ocean-atmosphere interaction have also been identified as part of the LEPOR; work on these problem areas is recognized as being interrelated with the GARP.

Monitoring of marine pollutants and the effects of pollutants on the marine environment are subjects of considerable interest to the international community. A joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) was established in 1969 to provide advice on the scientific and technical aspects of marine pollution problems and to develop proposals for cooperative programs of action with respect to pollution monitoring and control. The GESAMP is sponsored jointly by the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-all specialized agencies of the UN or closely allied to the organization. In December 1970, the FAO convened a Technical Conference on Marine Pollution and its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing which adopted several resolutions toward improved international cooperation in relation to monitoring techniques and urged that increased efforts be given to pollution re

search. The Conference also urged that the recommendations be brought to the attention of the United Nations in connection with the 1972 Conference on Man and His Environment.

Several international cooperative investigations of the ocean are expected to make scientific contributions toward further development of MAREP. Among such investigations in the planning stage or in progress are: the Cooperative Investigation of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CICAR), the organization and implementation of which are coordinated by the IOC; and the Cooperative Investigation of the Northern part of the Eastern Central Atlantic (CINECA), the organization and implementation of which are being coordinated by the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) with the FAO, WMO, and IOC.

On the basis of a bilateral agreement, there was established in 1964 a United States-Japanese Cooperative Program in Natural Resources Development (UJNR). With the UJNR program on marine science, there was formed in 1970 a U.S. Panel on marine environmental observations and forecasting. Following the initial meeting of the U.S. Panel with its counterpart in Japan, recommendations were made as follows: (1) to continue close coordination of the two panels; (2) to encourage the exchange of scientists; (3) to promote the exchange of data, technical reports, and other related information; and (4) to coordinate plans for the monitoring of large-scale features of the dynamics of the Pacific Ocean.

Summary of Fiscal Data

The following tables summarize fiscal information for programs of the Federal Government associated with marine environmental prediction (MAREP). The funds shown are those used to provide services and to support relevant research that has both long- and short-term objectives to improve services. Information on observations made from land and marine stations for the unique purpose of collecting data for the Basic Meteorological Service is not included in this Plan, but is reported in the annual Federal Plan for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. The Marine Meteorological Service, discussed as a Specialized Meteorological Service in the aforementioned Plan, is included as an integral part of this Plan for MAREP; appropriate sections contain funding information for and descriptions of the Marine Meteorological Service as it relates to MAREP.

The fiscal information for operations in MAREP and for relevant research is presented by agency and by service in the first two tables, "Federal Plan

for Marine Environmental Prediction, by Agency" and "Federal Plan for Marine Environmental Prediction, by Service"; data for FY 71 programs and for planned activities for FY 72 are included as proposed in the President's budget. The total Federal expenditure in MAREP planned for FY 72 is $145,197,000, with an increase of $19,806,000 over FY 71. Most agencies plan activities at level funding or with modest increases, while total MAREP costs for the Department of Defense in FY 72 show a decrease. The largest increases are those of the Departments of Commerce and Transportation.

In the operations area, total MAREP costs for FY 72 are expected to be $60,540,000, a net increase of $5,965,000 over FY 71. The largest single part of the Department of Commerce planned increase of $5,370,000 results from the assumption of full support of the National Oceanographic Data Center. The remainder of this Commerce increment is accounted for by implementation of the initial phases of acquisition and processing of data in

FEDERAL PLAN FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION, BY AGENCY
(in thousands of dollars)

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'FY 72 projections for EPA are level-funded pending further deliberations by that Agency, which has been established only since December 1970.

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FEDERAL PLAN FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION, BY SERVICE
(in thousands of dollars)

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INTERAGENCY FUND TRANSFERS FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION, BY AGENCY, FY 71 (in thousands of dollars)

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'Smithsonian is a quasi-governmental agency and funds reported as transfers are acquired through contracts with the private sector of the Institution.

* Includes funds originally transferred to Defense for the National Oceanographic Data Center, subsequently acquired by Commerce per Reorganization Plan 4.

'Includes funds transferred from NSF to NOAA under the IDOE.

the Marine Resource Monitoring and Assessment Program (MARMAP) and by expansions of marine weather and sea forecast services and of satellite operations for acquisition and processing of oceanic data.

The operations costs of the Department of Transportation show a net increase of $2,164,000. The planned expansion of the Coast Guard's Coastal Zone Pollution Baselines and Monitoring Project amounts to $2,764,000; however, this increase is offset by decreases which reflect completion of projects in FY 71 and transfer of ship support costs from service to research activities.

A Department of Defense decrease of $1,912,000 for MAREP operations in FY 72 results principally from closing of several weather/oceanographic offices, decrease of support for postgraduate training in oceanography, and the transfer of funding responsibilities for NODC to Commerce.

The planned expenditures for FY 72 research and development programs relevant to MAREP Services total $84,657,000, showing an increase of $13,841,000 over FY 71. The $8,650,000 Department of Commerce increase is due to new or expanded efforts in connection with the International Field Year of the Great Lakes (IFYGL), the Trop

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