waves and sea ice for the benefit of commerce, navigation, fisheries, offshore drilling and mining, recreation, and other marine activities. The foregoing services are included as elements of the Marine Meteorological Service.

The National Ocean Survey (NOS) of NOAA makes and issues predictions on the times and heights of high and low waters caused by the astronomical tide and predictions of tidal currents. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System, established in 1948, is centered in Honolulu, Hawaii; a regional center exists in Palmer, Alaska. The System provides warnings to coastal regions and islands of possible danger from runup caused by seismic sea waves. Such warnings are disseminated to 15 countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean Basin. The Lake Survey Center of NOS engages in projects aimed at achieving a better understanding of the natural environment of the Great Lakes and at developing techniques for predicting manmade changes to it. The objective of these projects is to ensure optimum management and development of water- and land-related resources.

Ocean Survey Vessel DISCOVERER (National Ocean Survey)

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of NOAA is responsible for promoting conservation and efficient use of living marine resources for their esthetic, economic, and recreational value to the people of the United States. Efforts center on estimating and predicting the abundance, distribution, and condition of resource species and on determining the consequence to these resources from natural variations of the environment, pollution, harvesting, and other alterations of the environment resulting from human activities.

The National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of NOAA operates spacecraft which are equipped to observe and collect environmental data on a global basis; these data are broadcast to 50 countries through 500 readout stations. Regular products of NESS include charts of ice and snow cover for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and cloud cover and other meteorological data used by the NWS and by components of other agencies and nongovernmental users. Operational production of sea-surface temperature charts will begin in 1971. The NESS also issues bulletins giv

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ing the position and intensity of tropical oceanic storms as interpreted from satellite data.

The Environmental Data Service (EDS) of NOAA provides for the collection, processing, storage, and retrieval of environmental data. The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) of EDS, colocated with World Data Center A (Oceanography) of the International Council of Scientific Unions, manages most of the Nation's and a large portion of the world's archived oceanographic data. The National Climatic Center (NCC) of EDS archives data produced by the NWS, including those data on sea-surface temperature and waves; the NCC is also responsible for marine data coverage over one of nine areas of the world oceans in accordance with procedures of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

The

Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL) of NOAA conduct programs in air-sea interaction research, geophysical fluid-dynamic modeling studies, ocean current systems investigations, internal wave studies, and associated equipment development.

The National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center (NOIC) of NOAA provides services to MAREP through the testing and evaluation of oceanographic instrumentation and through the coordination of specifications for such instrumentation.

The National Data Buoy Project Office (NDBPO) of NOAA is responsible for developing the national capability to deploy networks of unmanned telemetering environmental buoys, preparatory to the deployment of an operational system.

The Marine Minerals Technology Center (MMTC) of NOAA is responsible for a specialized research program to give assurances that the extraction of minerals from the ocean will not produce damaging effects on other marine resources and on the marine environment.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Agencies of the Department of Defense maintain extensive MAREP Services to support the Department's responsibilities for national security and for the Civil Works Program of the Nation, including navigation improvements, flood control, shore protection, and regulatory activities for the preservation and protection of navigable waters. The principal managers of these MAREP Services are the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, the Naval Weather Service Command (NWSC), and the Army Corps of Engineers. Relevant research programs are conducted by the Corps of Engineers for the Army and by the Office of Naval Research

Ocean Modelling Research (Environmental Research Laboratories of NOAA)

(ONR), the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), the NWSC, and the Systems Commands and Laboratories of the Navy Materiel Command for the Navy. In addition, the Navy provides oceanographic support to the NMFS of NOAA for fishing areas off the west coast and cooperates with the Coast Guard in connection with the International Ice Patrol in the North Atlantic Ocean.

The Naval Weather Service Command (NWSC) furnishes operational marine prediction support to the fleet for all categories of naval operations, including amphibious operations, antisubmarine warfare, search and rescue missions, polar missions, and transoceanic shipping. The Navy Fleet Weather Centrals and Facilities have operational oceanographic divisions which are manned by environmental scientists trained in both meteorology and oceanography. The Fleet Numerical Weather Central (FNWC), Monterey, Calif., is the hub of the vital computer network established to

process data for product formulation. Fleet Weather Centrals at Rota, Spain, Norfolk, Va., Alameda, Calif., Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and Guam in the Mariana Islands, function as regional oceanographic analysis centers.

The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) is responsible for developing oceanographic prediction techniques and for applying them on an experimental basis to naval operations. As these techniques are proven of value they are transferred to the NWSC for application in support of naval operations. Similarly, the Naval Weather Research Facility at Norfolk develops techniques for marine meteorology. Through funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the NAVOCEANO manages the Spacecraft Oceanography (SPOC) Project whose mission is to determine those oceanographic measurements which can be made from space and to assist in the development of appropriate sensors.

The Office of Naval Research (ONR) supports an extensive university research program in the marine sciences (the Defense equivalent of that at the National Science Foundation). Studies of fundamental environmental characteristics and environmental modeling are accomplished in accordance with directed requirements within the Navy and are the basis for the development of environmental prediction techniques. Studies cover a wide spectrum of areas such as air-sea interaction, internal motions (waves and currents), thermal structure, coastal dynamics, and ice dynamics.

The Army Corps of Engineers is concerned with nationwide planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of facilities for waterborne navigation, flood damage prevention, shore protection, and with certain regulatory activities for the preservation and protection of navigable waters. The Civil Works Program is applicable to the 50 States and also serves Puerto Rico and those possessions and territories under U.S. guardianship. All of these efforts include some short- and longrange prediction related to beach erosion, tsunami runup, hurricane flooding, other storm surges, dredging operations, pollution and flushing characteristics of bays and estuaries, regulation of reservoirs, emergency operations related to oceanic storms, and protection and preservation of navigable waterways, as well as the preservation of fish and wildlife and the protection of the environment through the regulatory activities of the Corps.

The field agencies of the Corps which accomplish the major effort in these activities are the Districts and Divisions, supported by the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, the Waterways Experiment Station, the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, and the Hydrologic Engineering Center.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the Department of the Interior conducts research and develops operational techniques for calculating the circulation of water and associated solids and so