preface to the volume, Gilbert has given a sketch of Carroll's civic history. But he was evidently unaware of the attachment above printed, which comes in date between his third mayoralty and the date of his conviction. According to the document in the Corporation Registry he was Mayor in 1635, and present in Court, and was unable to give any better defence than ignorance of the law. He was fined £1000, and to be imprisoned at the king's pleasure. Not a word is said about his evasion of any previous citation, or his contempt of Court, in 1631. It seems, therefore, likely that, having disappeared from Dublin, and allowed some years to elapse, he came back again, trusting to the forgetfulness of the Crown, or perhaps to private influence; and it was not till he was actually mayor, in 1635, that he was arraigned and convicted of his crime. I only give this tentative explanation, and hope that some antiquarian versed in the annals of Dublin and the history of its citizens will clear up the chronological difficulty. J. P. MAHAFFY. THE THE IDENTITY OF AJAX. `HE familiar name which represents Aïaç in Latin literature offers two difficulties. We have no parallel to such a development of a guttural in a borrowed word. When one folk takes a name from another, any change that the name undergoes is sure to be due to the natural tendency to make it easier to pronounce. Analogy or other external influence may interfere occasionally and produce some exceptions to this general law; for instance, phonetic ease may be sacrificed for the sake of a Volksetymologie. But in the case of Aiax no special motive has been discovered to account for the seeming perversity of the Latin tongue in loading Aias with an alien guttural. § 2. In the second place, the name of the hero, for those peoples among whom his worship flourished', was not Araç but AiFaç2; and this remark applies to the Locrian as well as to the Salaminian Aias. There seems no likelihood in the conjecture that the name of the Locrian warrior was originally Alaç without the spirant, and that it was only through the loss of that sound in Ionic that he became a namesake of the Salaminian3. If the form AIAΣ 1 The Aeginetans, Megarians, and Salaminians; the cult was introduced into Attica after the conquest of Salamis. "Cp. Ahrens, Dial. Dor., 43; Boeckh, C. I. G., vol. iv. p. 102, No. 7377. 3 Observe the fact that the Locrian is designated Aivas Vilatas ('Oiλiádns) on an Etruscan wall-painting (in the Necropolis of Vulci, Mon. dell' Inst., vi. pl. 31). appears on fourth-century Locrian coins', this is no evidence for popular speech in Locris, but is only an example of the influence of the Homeric epos on mints. Since, then, the name was AiFaç, it should have passed into Latin as Aeuas-or, assuming the possibility of the intrusion of a guttural, which I dispute, *Aeuax. It cannot be supposed that the name was first adopted by a poet (e.g., Livius Andronicus) directly from Homer, for in that case the corruption of -as to -ax would be simply inconceivable. Those Greek names, for whose adoption literature is responsible, always appear exactly transliterated. The probability is that Aias first became a familiar name in Latium, either through contact with Greeks by whom he was worshipped, or by seeing imported pottery on which he was represented. In the former case it is certain that he would have been known as Aeuas. In the latter case it would be possible to assume that the name first obtained currency in the fifth century or later, and that it was taken from Attic vases, on which it appeared without the digamma. But it will be admitted that we should rather expect to find the hero appearing as Acuas on Latin ground, just as he appeared as Aivas, Eivas, Evas in Etruria2. § 3. Of these difficulties the first seems to be insuperable. The second, if it stood alone, would not suffice to cast doubt on the identity of Aiax with Alaç; for we can make a reasonable supposition to account for the absence of the spirant. But, taken in conjunction with the first difficulty, the absence of the spirant, which we should certainly expect to find preserved, reinforces and corroborates it. These considerations have led me to entertain the belief 1 Of Opus: Head, Hist. Num., 285. 2 Fabretti, Primo Supplemento to Corp. Inscr. Ital, 462 and 408; Mon. dell' Inst., ix. pl. 15, 2; Corssen, Ueber die Sprache der Etrusker, I., 824. that the original Aiax was not Aias, but a wholly different hero. Aiax corresponds closely to Alakós; the inflexional difference can easily be explained either as the result of a syncopation on Italian ground, or by assuming a collateral Greek form *Αἴαξ (cp. πάλλαξ : παλλακός,φύλαξ: φυλακός and φύλακος,—ἄναξ: ἀνακός); while the lengthening of the -ac- was almost inevitable through the analogy of other dissyllabic words in -ax. We may, in fact, say that linguistically Aiax represents Alakóç, and does not represent AiFaç. § 4. Now it is possible to explain how the worship of Aeacus could have come to Campania. Although in historical times there seems to be no record of the cult of Aeacus elsewhere than in Aegina, we know that he was a Thessalian god or hero, and we know that he was in Thessaly before he was in Aegina. Apart from the statement of Servius' that he was made king of Thessaly by Zeus, apart from the tradition, preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium, that he was the founder of Dia, the Homeric Πηλεὺς Αἰακίδης and ̓Αχιλλεὺς Αιακίδης demonstrate that Aeacus belonged where Peleus and Achilles belonged, to Thessaly and especially to Phthia. Homer knows nothing of a connexion of Aeacus or the Aeacids with Aegina; these heroes migrated to the island from Phthia along with the Myrmidons. If, therefore, we can point to any connexion between Thessaly and Campania, we have a line by which the hero Aeacus might have travelled in early times to appear on the horizon of the Latins. At Neapolis we find in the names of two phratries' distinct evidence of settlers of Thessalian origin. The phratry of the Eumelidae points to Pherae-the city of Eumelus, famous for his mares. The phratry of the Aristaioi points 3 Il., ii. 714; xxiii. 288; Od., iv. 748. 1 Aen. iv. 402. 2 Kaibel, Inscriptiones Graec. Sic. et It., 191. ultimately to Phthia: it was from Phthia that the worship of Aristaeus went forth to Ceos, to Carystus, to Arcadia, and to Cyrene'. The Thessalian element in Euboea is, indeed, so well attested that, even without such special indications, it would not strike us as strange to find a Thessalian hero worshipped in an Euboean colony. 5. The transformation of Aiax from the character of Aeacus to that of Aias presents little difficulty. One can readily conceive that the Roman translators of the Greek epic and adapters of Greek tragedy, having seldom to speak of Aeacus but frequently of Aias, would be glad to seize the name Aiax, familiar in Latium, and apply it to Aias, from whose name it differed so little in sound that no one, so far as I know, has ever thought of questioning the identity. These old translators had the instinct to use names, which had already won acknowledged citizenship in the Latin language, whenever they could find them. It is, moreover, highly probable that the original equivalence of Aiax to Aeacus would have become faint or fallen wholly into oblivion; for in Greek myth Aeacus is the most colourless of heroes. And so a hero like Aiax, without any marked characteristics or associations of his own to forbid the identity, was a ready-made equivalent to the hands of a translator seeking to Latinize Aias. The postHomeric adoption of the Telamonian Aias into the Aeacid family might have seemed to confirm the identification, supposing a Roman translator to have felt any misgivings as to the guttural in Aiax. But no such misgivings were likely to occur. When men knew Ulixes ('Oλužɛúç) and Pollux' to be the same as Odysseus and Polydeukes, they 1 Cp. Pindar, Pyth. ix. 5, 6, with Scholiast's quotation from the Hesiodic Eoiae = frag. 143; scholl. on Apollonius Rhod., ii. 498 and 516; Pridik, De Cei insulae rebus, 19-20; HERMATHENA-VOL. XI. K Busolt, Griechische Geschichte, i. 298, 393. 2 Пoλudeúкns: Polluces (Praenestine, Poloces, C. I. L., i. 55), syncope probably owing to the early accent, |