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Sources: BP Statistical Review, 1992 and World Resources 1992-93.

•Tr= traditional (woodfuel, crop residues and animal dung): Cocoal; Oi – Oil: NG = natural gas: EF = total fossils: Al = alternatives (nuclear, hydro, wind, geothermal, etc.) (all % of total energy); ΣEner = tɔtai energy; (M)toe = (million) cons of oil equivalent: popul population: GNP = gross national product in 1989.

Western Europe - OECD Europe (includes Turkey); Eastern Europe = non-OECD Europe (includes Cyprus. Gibraltar and Malta): JANZ - Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

Source: Van Ettinger (1994), p.12.

Figure 7.1

Schematic overview of available options to counter the greenhouse effect and their possible feedbacks

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Figure 7.2

Options for CO2 emission reduction in the EU, net and gross costs, and effectiveness

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References

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Abdel-Khalek, G., 1988. Income and Price Elasticities of Energy Consumption in Egypt: A Time Series Analysis. Energy Economics, 10(1), 47-57.

Adams, R.M., D.M. Adams, C.C. Chang, B.A. McCarl, and J.M. Callaway, 1993. Sequestering carbon on agricultural land: A preliminary analysis of social cost and impacts on timber markets, Contemporary Policy Issues XI. [IS THERE AN ORIGINATING INSTITUTION AND PLACE OR PUBLISHER AND PLACE THAT WE CAN ADD TO THIS?]

Asaduzzaman, M., 1994. Energy savings potentials, issues and constraints, Paper presented at the international conference on Joint Implementation, Groningen, 13 June 1994. C.J. Jepma (ed.), 1995, The Feasibility of Joint Implementation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, forthcoming.

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Blok, K., J. Farla, C. Hendriks, and W. Turkenburg, 1991. Carbon Dioxide
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