V. POLICIES AND MEASURES TO LIMIT ANTHROPOGENIC 63-121 A. Approach to the review of policies and measures D. Measures under consideration or requiring international: cooperation 114-115 29 E. Summary conclusions VI. PROJECTIONS AND EFFECTS OF POLICIES AND MEASURES 122-150 Approaches used and methodological issues 125-131 B. C. 132-139 B. Financial resources through bilateral, regional and other Inventories of anthropogenic emissions and removals in 1990: tables 59 List of tables 1. Projected anthropogenic emissions of CO2 (excluding land use change and forestry) 2. CO2 projections in land use change and forestry 3. Projected anthropogenic emissions of CH 4. Projected anthropogenic emissions of N2O 5. Projections for other greenhouse gases 6. Projected anthropogenic emissions of all greenhouse gases (excluding land use change and forestry) 7. Projected anthropogenic emissions and removals of all greenhouse gases 8. Contributions to the GEF from reporting Parties (for all focal areas) A.1. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions, excluding land use change and forestry, 1990 A.2. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, 1990 A.4. Anthropogenic emissions of CH., 1990 A.5. Anthropogenic emissions of N2O, 1990 A.6. Anthropogenic emissions from international bunkers A.7. Anthropogenic emissions of other greenhouse gases, 1990 A.8. Anthropogenic emissions of precursor gases, 1990 List of figures A/AC.237/81 Explanatory notes The following symbols have been used in the document: Two dots (..) indicate that data are not estimated or reported in the national communication. A hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable. A minus sign (-) indicates a deficit or decrease, except as indicated. A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals. (~) before data indicates an approximation. (<) indicates that the actual data is equal or below that provided. (>) indicates that the actual data is equal or greater than that provided. References to "dollars" ($) indicate United States dollars. Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals, because of rounding. communications", document A/AC.237/55, annex I, decision 9/2. References to "IPCC Guidelines" are to IPCC Draft Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Text in italics under the tables indicates major source/sink categories from the IPCC 1 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY onship A/AC.237/81 Page 5 1. National communications' were received from 15 Annex I Parties in time to be considered in the preparation of this compilation and synthesis. These Parties accounted for 41 per cent of global emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion in 1990. Three other communications have since been received. National circumstances 2. Parties emphasized the importance of particular national circumstances. Thirteen Parties mentioned a national target or targets that are supplementary to their Convention commitments. Six of these anticipated that their current or planned policies and measures would achieve their national targets. Several Parties pointed to the evolutionary nature of climate change policy whereby measures are implemented, progress assessed and further measures considered. A number of Parties underlined that they were considering the development and implementation of further policies and measures. Inventories 3. All reporting Parties communicated a 1990 national inventory of emissions by sources and all but one communicated estimates of CO2 removals by sinks. All Parties addressed CO2, CH, N2O and precursors; some provided estimates of other gases, and some used global warming potentials (GWPs) (see tables A.1-A.8). CO2 was confirmed as being the most important greenhouse gas for the reporting Parties. Fuel combustion was the largest source of CO2 emissions, with most of these emissions coming from energy and transformation industries and transport. "Managed forests" accounted for most CO2 removals. The largest source of CH, was livestock, with waste a close second. N2O emissions came largely from agriculture (fertilizer use) and industrial processes. 4. The degree of confidence associated with CO2 data, in particular from fuel combustion, is high and the estimates are consistent with other authoritative sources. The initial technical analysis of inventories identified information gaps, most often background data or inadequately documented methods. The minimum documentation standards to ensure transparency were not always followed and sufficient information to enable reconstruction of the data was not always provided. A number of potential inconsistencies and difficulties in 'The term "national communications" includes communications from the regional economic integration organization included in Annex I to the Convention and should also be interpreted as including any supplementary information provided to the interim secretariat by Parties. 2 OECD/IEA, 1994, World Energy Outlook, OECD, Paris, 1994, p. 90, and 1992 IPCC Supplement - Scientific Assessment of Climate A/AC.237/81 aggregating and comparing inventory data also arose (for example, the use of adjustments to account for climatic conditions or electricity imports) on which guidance is needed. Policies and measures 5. All reporting Parties are implementing policies and measures to mitigate climate change; most reported actions targeted at the three major greenhouse gases, although the focus was clearly on CO2. Variations in the level of detail of the descriptions of policies and measures (in particular, the status of implementation and estimates of effects) complicated the synthesis process. The following main policy thrusts emerged: 6. Increased competition, improved efficiency and fuel switching in power Improving the efficiency of industrial equipment and processes Improving automobile fuel efficiency, controlling emissions, encouraging Improving energy efficiency in buildings, mechanical systems and appliances Preserving forest biomass and encouraging afforestation Minimizing waste and reducing emissions from landfills The residential, commercial and institutional, transport and industry end-use sectors appear to be where the Parties were most active. When taking into account the limited information on projected effects of measures, the residential, commercial and institutional sector emerges as a major contributor to expected CO2 emissions limitations. 7. A wide array of policy instruments were reported as being used. Regulatory activity focused on appliance and industrial equipment standards, vehicle emission standards for precursors, building codes and forest preservation. There was widespread use of economic instruments, although subsidies, rebates and incentives predominated over taxes, except in a few cases; they were used to improve the efficiency of power generation, promote renewable energy and alternative fuels, encourage the use of public transport and promote afforestation. Taxes were most frequently mentioned in the transport and waste sectors, although broadlybased taxes were mentioned by some Parties. Voluntary agreements were mentioned particularly where large industries were involved. Information and education programmes were notable in the agriculture and waste sectors and in regard to consumer choices in most sectors. Most Parties also reported on research and development programmes aimed at developing technologies or practices to reduce emissions, particularly with regard to energy. 8. The significance of international cooperation for climate change policies and measures was noted frequently, particularly when they could potentially affect trade flows. |