S4394

need to put a highly qualified teacher in every classroom in each school in which 50 percent or more of the children are from low income families. over the next 4 years;

(2) provide 125.000 new teachers with mentors and year-long supervised internships: and

(3) provide high quality pedagogical training for every teacher in every school.

change.

I would like to focus on the latter. and discuss recent decisions by the administration regarding the international negotiations. Climate change cannot be discussed in complete isolation from the soon-to-be released energy plan, since the issue of climate change must be addressed both domestically and internationally.

I wish to note, at the outset, that I applaud the administration's support for clean coal technologies and the administration's recognition that coal is one of our country's most important sources of energy. I recognize and strongly support this policy by the executive branch. A bill I have introduced this session, S. 60, the National Electricity and Environmental TechThe PRESIDING OFFICER. Without nology Act, addresses the challenges objection, it is so ordered. faced by coal, and I would welcome the Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, I sug- administration's active support to atigest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER.

The

way.

clerk will call the roll.

lize coal in a cleaner, more efficient I also believe, however, that it would The assistant legislative clerk pro- be a mistake to focus too heavily just

ceeded to call the roll.

Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

on increasing fuel supplies from domes-
tic sources. If that is where the admin-
istration is headed, it is not on exactly
the right path. In order to solve the
challenge of climate change, we must

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without

objection, it is so ordered.

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out title II Part A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

(1) $3,500,000,000 for fiscal year 2003; (2) $4,000,000.000 for fiscal year 2004; (3) $4,500.000.000 for fiscal year 2005; (4) $5,000.000.000 for fiscal year 2006: (5) $5.500.000.000 for fiscal year 2007: (6) $6.000.000.000 for fiscal year 2008.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—:
-SENATE

not explain how domestic climate
change programs will be reflected in
the energy plan, nor did he discuss
press reports that the administration
is developing a plan to deal with the
international aspects
climate
of

MORNING BUSINESS

Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that there now be a period for morning business, with Senators permitted to speak for up to 10 minutes each.

Mr. DODD. Mr. President, is morning business the pending business?

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator is correct, with a 10-minute limitation.

Mr. DODD. I gather our colleague and friend from West Virginia may be

here shortly, as he is inclined to do on Fridays for periods of enlightenment. I encourage Members to listen carefully to the distinguished senior Senator from West Virginia. He always has the most interesting discussions on history and poetry and important national holidays and days of recognition. It is worthy of the Senate's attention for those who may be following the debate through the channels of public communication.

develop new domestic sources such as
coal, using clean coal technologies,
while also engaging in bold initiatives
to develop new technologies in the area
of energy conservation, energy effi-
ciency, and renewable energy.

I am concerned, based upon preliminary reports, that the administration's plan may not reflect such a balanced and farsighted perspective. Let me begin by noting the obvious the primary, manmade cause of global warming is the burning of the very fossil fuels that power virtually the entire world.

May 4, 2001

trations, if we are to confront and overcome this awesome challenge in our children's time and in our grandchildren's lifetime.

But this takes visionary leadership. It would take extraordinary leadership. We need more than just small, incre mental increases in our domestic oil supplies or in our existing research and development programs. This is an approach which only pays lip service to the challenge that we face. It is a huge challenge. I hope that the administration's plan will take a broader view.

We must also recognize that the European Union, China, and other developing nations are quick to point the finger at us, at the world's largest contributor to global warming. We must demonstrate our resolve, and begin to get our own house in order by launching such a research and development effort, as well as continuing and expanding our current efforts to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions.

However, it should also be noted that China will soon surpass us as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases. The Chinese Government must stop blocking all forward movement on the question of developing country participation. The developing world is poorly served by the current level of Chinese intransigence. The poorest nations in the developing world-which will be those that are hardest hit by global warming during this century-must demand leadership from within their own ranks, and especially from China. The Chinese leadership must join us in honestly discussing solutions to the problem of climate change. The United States can develop and provide the technological breakthroughs that can be deployed by all nations, as we move forward together to solve this common, global problem.

Here is part of the power just above us as we look up to the ceiling of the Senate Chamber and see these lights. What is required, then, is the equivalent of an industrial revolution. We must develop new and cleaner technologies to burn fossil fuels as well as new methods to capture and sequester greenhouse gases, and we must develop renewable technology that is practical and cost-eff ctive. Rarely has mankind been confronted with such a challenge-a challenge to improve how we power our economy. This is the greatest nation in the world when the issue is one of applying our engineering talents to push beyond the next incremental improvement, and, instead, visualize and then achieve major leaps forward. We can do this, if only we apply ourselves. The scale and the scope of the problem are enormous, as is the leadership that will be required by the current administration, and, for

However, I want to emphatically warn that new technologies and voluntary approaches will not by themselves solve this problem. We must also actively negotiate and ratify international agreements that include binding commitments for all of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, if we are to have any hope of solving one of the world's one of humanity's greatest challenges.

This concern takes me back to the Senate's actions just 4 years ago. During the Senate floor debate over Senate Resolution 98 in July 1997, I expressed two fundamental beliefs that have guided my approach on the issue of climate change. First, while some scientific uncertainties remain, I believe that there is significant, mounting evidence that mankind is altering the world's climate. Second, the voluntary approach of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, commonly known as the Rio Convention, has failed, as almost all of the nations of the world, including the United States, have been unable to meet their obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels. With

May 4, 2001

what needs to be done in a binding fashion to begin to address this global issue the preeminent environmental challenge of our time.

On July 25, 1997, the Senate passed, by a vote of 95-0, S. Res. 98 which stated that, first, developing nations, especially the largest emitters, must agree to binding emission reduction commitments at the same time as industrialized nations and, second, any international climate change agreement must not result in serious harm to the U.S. economy. That resolution served as guidance to U.S. negotiators as they prepared to hammer out the details of the Kyoto Protocol.

Senator HAGEL and I were the prime cosponsors of that resolution.

The adoption of that resolution was perhaps. a dose of reality-laying out, in advance of the completion of the Kyoto negotiations or the anticipated submission of a climate change treaty to the Senate, just what an administration-any administration-would need to win the Senate's advice and consent. Contrary to statements made by some in this administration, the Senate has never voted on the Kyoto Protocol, although the protocol, in its current form, does not meet the requirements of S. Res. 98.

Since that vote in July 1997, international climate change negotiations have covered a wide range of topics in an attempt to craft a balanced treaty. While there have been some important gains and there have been some unfortunate setbacks from the U.8. perspective, I am concerned that, in the Bush administration's zeal to reject Kyoto for its failure to comply with S. Res. 98, the baby is being thrown out with the bath water through complete abandonment of the negotiating process. Such an abandonment would be very oostly to U.S. leadership and credibility and could force the international community to go back to "square one" on certain critical issues such as carbon sequestration and market-based mechanisms areas which I believe are critical to any future binding climate change treaty.

Still, an examination even of Kyoto's drawbacks can provide the basis for forward movement by the Bush administration.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE
and it would give U.S. industry more
tine to prepare to meet such require-
ments. Additionally, the inclusion of
incremental redactions would encour
age the development of a range of
cleaner, more efficient technologies to
meet the long-term goal, namely, the
stabilization of greenhouse gas con-
centrations in the atmosphere. Most
important, these steps would give the
United States a clearer path toward
the goal of dealing seriously with a se
rious and growing problem.

Recently, we have heard talk by the
Bush administration to the effect that
the United States should promote vol-
untary initiatives to meet our inter-
national treaty commitments. Well,
that sounds good, but it will not work.
I note that, in 1993, the former admin-
istration undertook an extensive as-
sessment to formulate the U.S. Climate
Change Action Plan, which subse-
quently developed a wide range of vol-
untary programs and technology strat-
egies to help the United States reduce
domestic emissions to 1990 levels.
While these remain laudable and im-
portant programs, they have not put us
on a path toward significantly reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, rath-
er than accomplishing that goal, by the
late 1990s, U.S. emissions were at least
11 percent above those 1990 levels.
Clearly then, the next global climate
change treaty will have to include
binding emission limits by industri-
alized nations, as well as developing
nations, specifically the biggest
emitters in the developing world. I am
talking about China, India, Mexico,
Brazil, and others.

Let me say that again. An examination, even of Kyoto's drawbacks, can provide the basis for forward movement by the Bush administration.

For example, U.S. negotiators should go back to the negotiating table with proposals that could be achieved internationally. In my opinion, an effective and binding international agreement must include several elements. First, the initial binding emission reduction targets and caps should be economically and environmentally achievable. Such an international agreement should specify increments by which the initial reduction could be racheted downward and made more stringent over time. This architecture could pro

S4395 nations can grow in a more efficient, environmentally sound manner while also making commitments to reduce their fair share of this global climate change burden.

Using this approach, the Bush administration has a historic opportunity to shape, rather than cripple, the international climate change debate by negotiating an agreement that includes all of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases on a global basis.

It is a huge task no doubt, but it is a huge problem, and it confronts the world, not just he occidental but also the oriental-not just the West but also the East. Such an agreement must also include market mechanisms that are unencumbered by layers of bureaucracy; strong provisions for domestic and international sinks, sequestration, and projects that prevent deforestation; and tough enforcement and compliance requirements.

Additionally, as I explained at the
time we were debating S. Res. 98, the
initial commitment by developing
countries could be modest, with the
agreement specifying a more rigorous
approach to growth and emissions over
time. Recent press reports indicate
that China, the big emitter, exceeding
the emissions of the United States very
soon, has already made progress in re-
ducing the growth of its greenhouse
gas emissions. That is good news. That
is encouraging. A future binding cli-
mate change agreement could recog-
nize these efforts and provide market
based mechanisms by which China
could obtain technological assistance
to expand upon its efforts over time.
An international treaty with binding
commitments can and should provide
for the continued growth of the world's
developing nations. The economic
growth of Mexico or Chins, for exam-
ple, need not be choked off by unreal-
istically stringent, inflexible emission
reduction targets. The initial commit-
ment could be relatively modest, pac-
ing upwards depending upon various
factors, with a specific goal to be
achieved within a fixed time period. If
properly designed, a binding inter-
national treaty can accommodate eco-
nomic growth and environmental im-
provement in the developing world.
This approach provides the means by

But any such agreement must also be met by an honest effort on America's domestic front. I am, therefore, very concerned that the President's overall budget does not adequately provide the level of funding necessary to support programs and policies that would address U.S. energy and climate change challenges. So I urge the Bush Adininistration to include all relevant policy aspects in the energy needs assessment currently under review and to examine the total costs-both economic and environmental-in any national energy strategy. I hope the President will work with Congress on these critical issues to develop a constructive, longterm negotiating path for the future. America leads the world in so many important areas addressing our global imate change challenges should be front and center.

TRADE POLICY

Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I have serions concerns about certain trade policy issues that the Bush administration inherited from its predecessor, but which remain unresolved. I refer to the steel crisis, the failure to formulate a coberent trade policy with respect to China. and the failure to recognize that "fasttrack" trade negotiating authority represents both an unwarranted diminution of the Constitutional authority of Congress and an invitation to our trade partners to accelerate their attack on the framework of fair trade. As I have long maintained, U.S. trade policy cannot be complacent as America's manufacturing plants are moved to low-wage countries, a phenomenon that makes it increasingly difficult for American employers to stay competitive and, at the same time, pay good wages and provide good benefits to their workers. While American workers do benefit from lower prices for imported products, too many have been made worse off. on balance, by globalization. As the columnist Michael Kelly recently pointed out,

Having said that, we are still a body of 100 Members where, on a good day. the Democrats can muster a majority

of 51 votes. So it is obvious we need bfpartisanship; we need cooperation. But I hope this change in the leadership in the Senate will open up our eyes to an array of opportunities that have been missed over the last several years, opportunities to provide better schools, more health care, to give a voice to consumers and families in securing appropriate medical treatment, to give those who are struggling to go to work every day and make a living a chance so succeed in America.

It is a pretty eady agenda; it is pret

SENATE

mittee, who comes to the Senate
Chamber very well equipped, indeed,
well equipped by, experience, well
equipped by heredity, a factor never to
be overlooked, a factor which in some
ways lays out the destiny of each of us
ahead of our years, who also is a very
fine speaker, one who does his home-
work, who likes service to the people.

Then there is Senator FITZGERALD. I believe he is the youngest Senator in today's Chamber, who came to the U.S. Senate, I believe, as a former member

of the Senate of the State of Illinois. I

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

The rains are not as they were. There is something going on out there. The ice masses at the two poles to the north and to the south are diminishing. They are melting. As they melt, oonditions change around the globe. The waters of the seas grow higher. There is something going on out there-I know, and I am concerned about it.

We can waste valuable time debating and quibbling over measurements, methodology. findings, and conclusions, or we can accept the simple reality that is right before our eyes-we feel it, we see it, we hear it, we read about it, we appropriate more moneys because of it-the reality that global warming is occurring.

Today, Mr. President, I am introducing the Climate Change Strategy and Technology Innovation Act of 2001. Senator TED STEVENS, the senior Senator from Alaska, a State that is almost halfway across the globe from where we stand today, has agreed to join me in this effort. This legislation calls for a comprehensive strategy underpinned by credible science and economics that will guide U.S. efforts to address the multifaceted problem of global climate change. This legislation also establishes a major research and development effort intended to develop the bold breakthrough technologies that our country will need to address the challenge of climate change.

This legislation is intended to supplement, rather than replace, other complementary proposals to deal with climate change in the near term on both a national and international level. I also note that this bill is technology neutral. This is not a bill to carve out special benefits for coal or oil or gas or, for that matter, for nuclear, renewables, or any other energy resource or technology. This legislation provides the framework for addressing the climate challenge, reaffirms the ultimate goal of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, and leaves the technology decisions to energy experts and the marketplace.

An understanding as to why this legislation is necessary must begin with an understanding of the fundamental causes of global climate change. It is

S6002

going to change that, however, and put those moneys back into fossil fuel research. As our economy grows, we use more fossil fuel. Stopping those emissions, even just limiting those ermissions, can have the effect of putting the breaks on a purring economy. And that is not just true of the United States, but of other nations as well, particularly in developing nations where economic growth is steep.

In order to solve the problem, we must develop new and cleaner technologies to burn fossil fuels as well as new methods to capture and sequester greenhouse gases, and we must develop renewable technology that is practical and cost-effective. Such an effort will require visionary leadership. Where there is no vision, the people perish. We need, therefore, muster the strength and the political courage to tackle the climate change challenge in innovative ways.

So the legislation I offer today, cosponsored by my friend, the erstwhile chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, the distinguished senior Senator from Alaska, Mr. STEVENS, calls for the creation of a national strategy to define how we can meet these objectives, and it organizes national research efforts and authorizes funding to accomplish these goals.

Moreover, the legislation would establish a regime of responsibility and accountability in the Federal sector for the development of a national climate change response strategy. The strategy includes four key elements that collectively represent a new paradigm to deal with climate change.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE

the White House to coordinate and im-
plement the strategy, and a new office
in the Department of Energy that will
work on long-term research and devel-
opment of a type that is not pursued in
more conventional research and devel-
opment programs. The DOE office will
focus on breakthrough technological
solutions and work in cooperation with
existing basic science and applied tech-
nology programs to bring an increased
focus to the climate change problem.
Το ensure that these goals are
achieved, this bill creates An inde-
pendent review board that will report
to the Congress. Finally, the bill au-
thorizes appropriations for these goals.

This is the greatest nation in the
world, the greatest nation the world
has ever seen. It is the greatest nation
when it comes to putting our talents to
the task of advancing revolutionary
change. I am confident that the United
States possesses the talent, the wis-
dom, the drive, and the courage to lead
a global solution to the climate change
challenge that we in Congress and
those in the executive branch can rise
to meet this challenge. It will task our
courage, it will task our energy, it will
task our determination, our foresight,
and certainly our vision. We not only
have the opportunity here, but we also
have the responsibility to act now on
behalf of those who live today, but
even more important, on behalf of
those of the unborn who are not even
yet knocking at the gates. We hold
their future in our hands, and we
should understand that. We cannot
wait until my children or my grand-
children are standing in these Cham-
bers, standing in the offices of power in
Washington or elsewhere. The responsi-
bility is right in our hands now and the
future is right in our aces.

I am sure these are matters that will be of some controversy, but we must pause to think of those of our forefathers who responded to the needs of the hour when it was their time to act on behalf of their generation and their children. The responsibility is heavy, but it must be met.

I take this opportunity to thank Senator STEVENS for his support, for his cosponsorship, and for the very great strength which he will add to the effort. It will be a continuing effort. It is going to take a long time. It is a big, big problem, but we can't avoid it because of its bigness. We have to meet it.

The first element defines a range of emission mitigation targets and implementation dates to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level and at a rate that would prevent dangerous interference with the climate system. The strategy would also evaluate how each of the range of targets could achieve reductions in an economically and environmentally sound manner.

The second element calls for substantially increased private- and publicsector investment in bold, innovative energy technologies.

The third element calls for greater research to understand how we may have already altered the climate and how we can adapt to these changes in the future. It would help us understand, for example, how the changing climate may be affecting farming, in Пlinois, farming in Florida, farming on the verdant hills of West Virginiawhere there might be flooding or drought and how we could best address it.

The fourth element in the paradigm calls for continuing research on the science of climate change to resolve the remaining uncertainties.

To carry out this strategy, this legislation provides for the creation of an administrative structure within the Federal government to accomplish these elements. It creates an office in

Mr. President, I will welcome, as well
as Mr. STEVENS, any cosponsors who
wish to add their names to this legisla
tion.

I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
AKAKA). The Senator from Florida, Mr.
BILL NELSON, is recognized.

June 8, 2001

problem. There is something happening

out there.

It has been my concern that the present administration, for whatever reason, has chosen not to approach addressing the issue of global climate change through the Kyoto accords. And because the administration has so decided, it is all the more important for leaders such as Senator BYRD and Senator STEVENS to speak out on a phenomenon that, in fact, is occurring.

The scientific community is fairly unanimous. It is not totally unanimous. Because of that, that ta used as an excuse for others to say that global warming is not upon us. That counters all of the scientific evidence and the testimony of a vast majority of the scientific community that it has happened.

We also know that there is, in fact, a correlation, as the distinguished Senator from West Virginia has stated, between the production of CO2 into the atmosphere and global warming. I commend the Senator from West Virginia for offering this legislation to try to get the Nation's mind focused on the problem and a comprehensive effort of trying to determine what we are going to do about it before it is too late.

Mr. NELSON of Florida. Mr. President, I have been spellbound by the remarks of the distinguished Senator from West Virginia, addressing a problem facing planet Earth that all too often we have ignored. Yet as he so cogently has expressed, indeed, it is a

In my previous governmental capacity, in the position of Insurance Commissioner of the State of Florida, I tried to sound the alarm bell, and it was very difficult to get people to pay attention, especially insurance companies that would have a great deal to lose because global warming will canse the rise of the seas. When you come from a State such as mine, that has enormous implications since most of our 16 million population is along the coast of Florida. The increase of global temperature will also cause the inten sity of storms to increase, as well as their frequency.

Florida is a land that we call paradise, but it happens to be a peninsula sticking down into the middle of something known as Hurricane Highway. Hurricanes are a part of our life, and global warming foretells, for us, an increased intensity of hurricanes and an increased frequency of hurricanes. That has enormous implications on not only our lifestyles but our economic activity-particularly in a State such as Florida that has so many miles exposed to water.

Increased global warming also porterds, for the entire globe, the increased likelihood of pestilence and disease, all of which have tremendous impacts on us as a nation if this phe

nomenon occurs.

The Senator is so kind to stay and listen to my remarks which in large part are directed to him in my affection and appreciation for him and his comments and his legislation. But allow me to divert to the recesses of my memory and to my mind's eye.

In 1986, as I looked out the window of the spacecraft Columbia, high above the Earth, in Earth orbit, looking back at home that suddenly, over the course