Land Use Issues distribution of projects is uneven, and there have been limited field operations to date. Further, there is an absence of an internationally agreed-upon set of guidelines and methods to establish baselines and to quantify emissions and sequestration. The projects do not report all greenhouse gas emissions or estimate leakage, and few have undergone independent review 112 Table 36. Estimates of Carbon Uptake and Carbon Emissions Avoided From Carbon Stocks, Assuming No Leakage Outside the Project Boundaries, by Selected AlJ Pilot Phase and Other LULUCF Projects. *Protecting an existing forest does not necessarily ensure a long-term contribution to the mitigation of the greenhouse effect because of the potential for leakage and reversibility through human activities, disturbances, or environmental change. This table does not provide an assessment in relation to these issues. Sound project design and management, accounting, and monitoring would be required to address these issues. ALJ = Activities implemented Jointly. LULUCF = Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Notes Projects included are those for which sufficient data are available. Soil carbon management, bioenergy, and other projects are excluded for this reason. "Some level of implementation" includes projects that have been partially funded and have begun activi ties on the ground that will generate increases in carbon stocks and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. "Other LULUCF projects" refers to selected non-AIJ projects and projects with Annex I countries. Estimated changes in carbon stocks generally have been reported by project developers, do not use standardized methods, and may not be comparable; only some have been independently reviewed. Non-CO., greenhouse gas emissions are not reported. 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