10 List of reviewers

During the process of writing this study opportunity to comment was given to a number

of people, among which:

1. Godfrey Abbott, DOW Europe

2. Jason Anderson. Climate Network Europe

3. Stephen Andersen, US-EPA

4. Paul Ashford, Caleb Management Consulting

5. Rainer Bitsch. Siemens

6. Paul Blacklock, Calorgas

7. Wolfgang Bloch, Infineon

8. Peter Breloer, 3M

9. Nick Campbell, Elf Atochem

10. Suely Carvalo, UNEP

11. Francisco de la Chesnaye, US-EPA

12. Nick Cox, Earthcare Products

13. David Crawley, UNIPEDE

14. Suzanne Doschko, EC DG Enterprise B05

15. Ray Gluckman, EnvirosMarch

16. Reid Harvey, US-EPA

17. Marc Hayden, EC DG Economic and Financial Affairs E04

18. Niklas Höhne, UNFCCC

19. Mike Jeffs, Huntsman Polyurethanes

20. Leo Klerks, Philips Semiconductors

21. Lambert Kuijpers, Technical University of Eindhoven

22. Günther Lang, DSV-Dämmsysteme

23. Laurent Legin, Trane Corp

24. Petra Mahrenholz, German EPA

25. Daniel Mailliet, EC DG Environment A02

26. Frederick Marien, EC DG Environment A02

27. John Mate, Greenpeace International

28. Leo Meyer, Dutch Ministry of the Environment 29. Mack McFarland, Du Pont

30. Archie McCulloch, ICI Chemical & Polymers / University of Bristol

31. Norman Mitchell, AREA

32. William Moomaw, Tufts University

33. Eirik Nordheim, European Aluminium Association

34. Hans van Oostveen, Holec Middenspanning

35. Per-Hendrik Pedersen, Danish Technological Institute

36. Beatrix Pichl, Texas Instruments

37. Ewald Preisegger, Solvay

38. Patrice Rollet, Dehon Group

39. Per Rosenqvist, EC DG Environment D03

40. Nicole Schenkelaars, 3M

41. Winfried Schwarz, Öko-Recherche

42. Claudine Steyaert, GlaxoWellcome

43. Gérard Thaler, GIMILEC

44. Norbert Theihs, EC DG Enterprise C04

45. Brian Ward, Kidde Fire-Protection

46. Matti Vainio, EC DG Environment B02

47. Marianne Wenning, EC DG Environment A02 48. Rolf Wiedermann, Bayer

49. Jan Wouda, VATECH Egin Holec

50 Paul Wright, AstraZeneca

51. Duncan Yellen, EnvirosMarch

52. Peter Zapfel, EC DG Economic and Financial Affairs E04

The authors of this study feel greatly indebted to all of those who have spent time and

resources to make their input into this study. We kindly ask persons we accidentally may have failed to include into this list to accept our apologies.

March 20, 2000

Technical Options For Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems

Prepared By

Stephen O. Andersen, Ward Atkinson, James A. Baker, Simon Oulouhojian, and Jill E. Phillips

For

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US FPA), and Mobile Air Conditioning Society Worldwide (MACS)'

Abstract

Vehicle air conditioning is desirable for passenger comfort and important to safety by providing de-misting and de-fogging of windows. However, air conditioning has an environmental impact because refrigerants are greenhouse gasses and because air conditioning requires fuel use and its associated emissions. Furthermore, improved vehicle air conditioners are vital to the successful commercialisation and customer

A description of the SAE, EPA, MACS Partnership is attached at the end of this paper. The technical findings are those of the Partnership and do not necessarily reflect the views of sponsoring organizations or the organizations that employ the technical advisors and peer reviewers.

Contributors to this paper are Co-Chairs Stephen O. Andersen (U.S. EPA), Ward Atkinson (SAF), and Simon Oulouhojian (MACS); and Technical Advisors Baroto Adiprasito (Volkswagen). Jay Amin (Visteon), James Baker (Delphi), Jacob Bayyouk (Sanden), Pierre Boileau (Environment Canada). Roland Caesar (DaimlerChrysler), Elizabeth Cook (World Resources Institute), Hans Fernqvist (Volvo Car Corporation), Linda Gronlund (BMW), Hans Hammer (Audi), William Hill (General Motors). Pega Hrnjak (University of Illinois), Larry Kettwich (Underwriters Laboratories), Nubuo Kobayashi (Toyota). Arthur Naujock (Calsonic). Angelo Patti (DaimlerChrysler), Christophe Petitjean (Valeo). Hideyuki Sakamoto (Nissan), and Y. Yamanaka (Denso).

This paper was peer-reviewed by: Carol Ainsworth (The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company). David J. Bateman (DuPont Fluoroproducts), David J. Beightol (Johnson Controls), Jeffrey A. Bozeman (General Motors). Andreas Filemann (Behr America), Brad Fresch (Freightliner Corporation). Tony Gabriel (Snapon Diagnostics), Gary S. Halpern (Neutronics), Susumu Ikeda (Sanden Corporation), Virendar Jain (Parker Hannifin Corporation), Jürgen Köhler (Institut für Thermodynamik). Mike LaRoe (TJ Group Automotive Systems Corp.), John A. Manzione (US Army Communications-Electronics Command), David L. Martin (Eaton Corporation). Alexander V. Moultanovsky (Bergstrom), Gary R. Oshnock (DaimlerChrysler). Alberto Reginaldo (Toyota), John P. Rogers (Nissan). Michael Sailer (Honda R&D Americas. Phil Trigiani (Uview Ultraviolet Systems), Mark F. Wagner (Johnson Controls), Herman H. Wang (Parker Hannifin). and Tomohiro Yamaguchi (Sanden Corporation).

acceptance of electric. fuel cell, hybrid, and other high-efficiency vehicles. The success of any future air conditioning systems will require customer acceptance, operational and service safety, environmental performance, and serviceability.

The choice of measures to improve the environmental performance of vehicle air conditioning systems is complicated because both; refrigerant and fuel consumption must be considered over the life of the vehicle, because customers demand reliable and affordable equipment, and because new systems may require special safety systems and technician traming. The SAF, FPA, MACS Mobile Air Conditioning Partnership is a global effort to evaluate new air conditioning technology and to encourage improved designs and service methods. The mobile air conditioning community is working to reduce the impact of the air conditioning sy steras on the environment, but there is no clear choice of a new reinigerant at the current time. Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) wil be used to compare system alternatives, LCCP measures the total direct and indirect emission. For manufacturing through disposal including emissions associated with all energy inputs and energy embodied in materials used in components.

This paper reflects the technical situation at the time of its publication and will be frequently updated and posted on the SAF web site2.

The Importance of Vehicle Air Conditioning

Vehicle air conditioning is part of an integrated system of components that provides cooling, heating, defrosting, demusting, air filtering and humidity control.

Next-generation air conditioning and heating systems are particularly important to the commercial success of electric, hybrid, fuel ced and other low emission vehicles that can only capture market share if they are equipped with good performing, highly energyefficient and reliable cooling and heating systems.

Affordable. Safe. Comfortable, and Reliable I ow-Emission Vehicles

Vehicles are continuously improved to satisfy increasingly stringent customer demands. Manufacturers typically require that new designs provide equal or better performance. safety, and reliability Furthermore, any increase in costs must be justified by increased benefits-- including benefits of environmental protection.

Current Technology to Heat and Cool Vehicles

Heating systems provide comfort and safety by allowing occupants to avoid bulky clothing and by keeping windows defrosted and demisted. Air conditioning systems provide comfort through cooling and dehumidifying and can improve safety by keeping drivers alert and by allowing windows to be closed. Heating and cooling systems allow breathing air to be filtered to remove pollens, dusi, and allergens.

http://www.sae.org/