Figure II - Mobile A/C Systems - Estimated Lifetime Emissions The Mobile Air Conditioning Working Group at the IPCC Experts meeting (Ref 5) in January 1999 in Washington, D.C., constructed this equation to estimate actual annual HFC-134a emissions from the mobile air conditioning industry. From this, annual industry average emission per vehicle can be determined and compared to the emission scenarios provided in this paper to assess the validity of assumptions and success of the industry in reducing emissions. the At the top of the list of initiatives are improved containment and handling of HFC-134a, from initial design to service to end-of-life disposal. Many initiatives are already being implemented. In addition, alternative refrigerant systems are under study, including high-pressure CO2 and the use of hydrocarbons in a secondary cooling loop system. Vehicle makers will ultimately play a key role in selecting the mobile air conditioning system of the future. Economic Evaluation of Emission Reductions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in Europe SPECIAL REPORT Contribution to the study "Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Objectives for Climate Change" on behalf of the Commission of the European Union Directorate General Environment Jochen Harnisch and Chris Hendriks ECOFYS Energy and Environment Eupener Str. 137 50933 Cologne Germany j.harnisch@ecofys.de Final Report Preface On its way to its current form this report has received significant input from a considerable number of experts. The "First Interim Report" which basically dealt with emission estimates and projections has been significantly amended to also cover abatement options and associated costs. Comments on the "First Interim Report" were given by representatives of the European Commission at a presentation in Brussels on May 20, 1999. With approval of DG Environment the "Second Interim Report” has been distributed for comments to about 35 technical experts in late September 1999. It has also been circulated among the lead authors of Chapter 3 of Working Group 3 of the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A “Third Interim Report" was discussed by a panel of experts in Brussels on November 22, 1999. Specific and more general comments and suggestions were received from a large number of experts from industry, academia, government agencies and environmental non-governmental organisations. The authors would like to thank all of these experts for their valuable inputs into this study (please refer to chapter 10 for a list of people). For this "Final Report" it was attempted to consider their suggestions wherever possible. In several cases unresolved issues were flagged in footnotes. This final report reflects the state of knowledge and discussions after a final round of review in late March 2000. Cologne - March 31st, 2000 |