science. Perhaps the nearest approach to precision in defining high technology would be: Hardware developments relying extensively or chiefly on recent discoveries of the physical sciences for their operational principle. An equivalent term might be "technology intensive."

APPENDIX II

Chronology of Federal Executive Branch Science Organization, 1787-1976*

1787: Science in the Constitution. The only specific reference to "science" in the Constitution is in Article I, Section 8: "The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."

July 16, 1798: Provision of medical care for merchant seamen by the Federal Government was authorized by Congress. The first marine hospital constructed with Federal funds was completed in 1800. The U.S. Public Health Service traces its beginning to these hospitals.

February 10, 1807: Coast Survey established under administrative direction of the Secretary of the Treasury by act of Congress.

February 19, 1818: Surgeon General's Office and the Army Medical Department established, with authority to prevent and treat disease and to collect weather data for processing and analysis.

July 4, 1836: Permanent office of commissioner of patents created.

August 31, 1842: By act of Congress a sum of $25 000 was authorized for a building for the Navy Depot of Charts and Instruments, later the Naval Observatory.

*Sources: This chronology has been extracted from U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, A Proposed National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975. 94th Congress, 1st Session, 1975, pp. 33-55; and the Astronautics and Aeronautics chronologies published by NASA for each year from 1961 through 1976.

August 10, 1846: The Smithsonian Institution was chartered by Congress. Initial endowment came from gift of $500 000 from James Smithson in 1829.

March 3, 1849: Department of the Interior established, taking over the General Land Office from the Treasury Department, the Office of Indian Affairs from the War Department, and the Pension Office and the Patent Office, which had been independent.

May 15, 1862: U.S. Department of Agriculture established. Among its missions was the systematic application of scientific methods to agriculture. The department was elevated to Cabinet status in 1889.

July 2, 1862: Morrill Act or Land Grant College Act passed providing for establishment in each state of at least one college to provide instruction in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The significance of the act was that it formally recognized the national need for trained manpower in selected fields, and established mechanisms for cooperative Federal and state government participation in financing academic activities related to science and research interests.

March 3, 1863: National Academy of Sciences was established by congressional charter.

June 20, 1878: Coast Survey redesignated Coast and Geodetic Survey.

March 3, 1879: President Hayes signed bill creating U.S. Geological Survey within Department of the Interior.

March 2, 1887: Hatch Act further encouraged scientific agriculture by providing for agricultural experiment stations in the land-grant colleges.

October 1, 1890: Weather Bureau established within the Department of Agriculture.

March 3, 1901: National Bureau of Standards established in Department of the Treasury. The new bureau was given full powers over custody, preparation, and testing of standards and responsibilities for "the solution of problems which arise in connection with standards. . . ." In addition to service to Federal, state, and

municipal governments, the bureau was to provide for a fee standards for nongovernmental units or individuals. The legislation indicated Congress's willingness to provide administrative means for dealing with government science needs. On February 14, 1903, the bureau became part of the new Department of Commerce and Labor.

March 6, 1902: Bureau of the Census was established, giving permanence to an organization for the census in preference to the previous temporary organizations set up every ten years and subsequently allowed to lapse.

April 28, 1904: An act to incorporate the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The objects of the corporation "shall be to encourage. . . investigation, research, and discovery, and the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind."

August 14, 1912: Under an act, the name Public Health and Marine Hospital Service was changed to Public Health Service. The legislation also authorized the Public Health Service to conduct field investigations and studies and, in particular, investigations of the diseases of man and pollution of navigable streams. The significance of this legislation was that by opening the whole field of public health to research by the government, it was recognized as a legitimate area of Federal activity.

March 4, 1913: Department of Commerce and Labor separated by act of Congress, which created a new Department of Labor.

May 8, 1914: The Smith-Lever Act provided for cooperative agricultural extension work between the agricultural colleges receiving benefits under the Morrill Act. By this act the Extension Service of the Department of Agriculture was put on a separate and permanent basis.

March 3, 1915: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics was established by a rider to the Naval Appropriation Act "... to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight, with a view to their practical solution." The sum of $5 000 a year was appropriated for five years. NACA was the first war research agency of the World War I period.

1916: A National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences was established to permit a larger part of the scientific com

munity to assist in research in connection with national preparedness. Approval of the Council by a letter of July 25, 1916 from President Woodrow Wilson to the President of the NAS was formalized by Executive Order 2859 of May 11, 1918.

October 1, 1917: Congress created the Aircraft Board to expand and coordinate the industrial activities relating to aircraft and to facilitate generally the development of air service.

June 10, 1921: Budget and Accounting Act, 1921. Established the Bureau of the Budget, provided for the annual submission of a consolidated Federal budget, and established a General Accounting Office. Henceforth, all Federal agency fund requests including research would have to receive central approval prior to transmission to Congress.

1923: Naval Research Laboratory established. Its legislative basis goes back to initial sums appropriated in 1916 for a laboratory for the Naval Consulting Board.

April 13, 1926: An act amending the Morrill Act of 1862 provided for investment of proceeds of public land sales, the establishment of a perpetual fund, and use of interest from the fund to be applied toward endowment or maintenance of colleges specializing in agriculture and mechanics, "without excluding other scientific and classical studies."

May 20, 1926: Air Commerce Act, 1926. This was the first Federal legislation regulating civil aeronautics. Gave the Department of Commerce wide powers over aviation, including fostering of research to improve air navigation.

March 10, 1928: Authorized $900 000 to complete transfer of experimental and testing plant of Air Corps to a permanent site at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, and for construction of technical buildings.

May 26, 1930: The Randsell Act reorganized, expanded, and redesignated the Hygienic Laboratory as the National Institute of Health.

July 31, 1933: Science Advisory Board under the National Research Council was created by President Roosevelt by Executive Order 6238. The Executive Order authorized the Board, acting