Finally, we would cite three quite unclassifiable works in the history of science and technology. Lynn White, Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), is one of the great works in the history of technology. Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), is a contribution to what the author calls "anonymous history," a study of the evolution of mechanization and its effects on modern civilization. Pierre Duhem, Le Systeme du Monde, 8 vols. (Paris, 1913-1958), is a monumental account of scientific concepts from classical Greece to the Renaissance. History of Science and Technology in the United States. A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957), is an indispensable survey of the subject, from Revolutionary times to 1940. H.J. Habakkuk, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century: The Search for Labour-Saving Inventions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1967), is an important essay in comparative history. Daniel Kevles, The Physicists (New York: Random House, 1979), is, in the words of its subtitle, a “history of a scientific community in modern America." It is an outstanding work of scholarship. In industrial research and technology development, Bell Laboratories has sponsored a monumental history of the organization. To date, three volumes have appeared, all published by Bell Laboratories: M. D. Fagen, ed., A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The Early Years, 1875-1925 (1975); Members of the Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: National Service in War and Peace, 1925-1975 (1978); and A.E. Joel, et al., A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Switching Technology, 1925-1975 (1982). On General Electric, see Kendall Birr, Pioneering in Industrial Research: The Story of the General Electric Research Laboratory (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1957). A very useful source book for the post-World War II period is James Penick et al., The Politics of American Science, 1939 to the Present, revised ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972). On the wartime mobilization of scientists in general and for the Manhattan Project in particular, the following are important: James Phinney Baxter, Scientists Against Time (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1968); Irvin Stewart, Organizing Scientific Research for War: The Administrative History of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948); and Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson, Jr., The New World, 1939-1946 (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962). The New World book is the first volume of a history of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. The Atomic Energy Commission has since published volumes 2 and 3 of its official history: Richard Hewlett and Francis Duncan, Atomic Shield, 1947-1952 (University Park, Pa.; Pennsylvania State University Press, 1969) and by the same authors, Nuclear Navy, 1946-1962 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974). On the early history of NASA, Arnold Levine, Managing NASA in the Apollo Era (Washington, DC: NASA Scientific & Technical Information Branch, 1982) and Homer Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science (Washington, DC: NASA Scientific & Technical Information Branch, 1980), may be consulted. On the National Bureau of Standards, see Rexmond Cochrane, Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1966). Milton Lomask, A Minor Miracle: An Informal History of the National Science Foundation (Washington, DC: National Science Foundation, 1976), is a lively history of that agency. In a special category is Harvey Sapolsky, The Polaris System Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), for its searching analysis of the bureaucratic politics underlying the development of a major weapons system. Federal Technology Development. Although incidentally concerned with Federal technology development, David Allison, ed., The R&D Game: Technical Men, Technical Managers and Research Productivity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), is, of all the books listed here, the one closest in purpose to our work. It consists of nineteen essays by the editor and industrial research managers on freedom in research, diversity in research, designing a technical company, and how the U.S. buys research. This book is highly recommended for anyone interested in the nature of industrial technology development. Peter Drucker, Technology, Management and Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), examines the social implications of the large technology-based corporation. Don Price has written with an insider's knowledge of science policy in the Federal Government. His Government and Science (New York: New York University Press, 1954) and The Scientific Estate (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965) were among the first books to analyze the political implications of government by contract. The implications of large-scale contracting are further explored in different ways by Clarence Danhof, Government Contracting and Technological Change (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1968), Richard Nelson, The Moon and the Ghetto (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977) and Harold Orlans, Con tracting for Atoms (Washington, DC.: The Brookings Institution, 1967). On the mechanisms of science policymaking, the following are recommended: Alvin Weinberg, Reflections on Big Science (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967); Daniel Greenberg, The Politics of Pure Science (New York: New American Library, 1967); Harvey Brooks, The Government of Science (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1968); Joel Primack and Frank von Hippel, Advice and Dissent (New York: New American Library, 1974), and W. Henry Lambright, Governing Science and Technology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976). Much of the recent policy literature on the role of Federal laboratories has appeared in government publications. The report of the Congressional Research Service, The National Bureau of Standards: A Review of Its Organization and Operations, 1971-1980, which was published by the House Committee on Science and Technology in May 1981, is an exhaustive analysis of its subject. On the multiprogram laboratories of the Energy Department, see the September 1982 report of the Energy Advisory Board, The Department of Energy Multiprogram Laboratories, reprinted (along with two volumes of supporting studies) in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittees on Energy Development and Applications and Energy Research and Production, The Future of the Department of Energy's Multiprogram Laboratories, 97th Congress, 1st Session, December 2, 1982. On NASA, see the hearings held by the House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Review of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, 98th Congress, 1st Session, October 18-19 and 25-26, 1983. On the Department of Defense, see Jacques Gansler, The Defense Industry (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980). For statistics on Federal technology development, the official sources to consult are the annual reports of the National Science Foundation on Federal funds for research and development, and the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published annually by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. NACA NASA NBS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS FREQUENTLY CITED IN TEXT Atomic Energy Commission Department of Defense Energy Research and Development Administration National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics National Aeronautics and Space Administration |