CHAPTER II-THE 1980 REPORT ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY A. Summary of the President's Report In his message, the President reviewed major accomplishments of 1979, emphasized the need to stimulate greater attention in four areas of science, technology, and diplomacy and also stressed the importance. of improved training. In regard to the first, he identified the following accomplishments of 1979: 1. Eliminating from the United States-Soviet program in science and technology a number of specific activities deemed incompatible with Soviet military adventurism in Afghanistan; 2. A commitment to aid the People's Republic of China with specific cooperative efforts in science and technology described as being "of great importance to the building of a strong and modern China, which is clearly in the interests of this country"; 3. Further expansion of the cooperation of the United States with Japan, primarily in the field of energy technologies, but also venturing into space research, environmental studies, health, and agriculture; 4. Presidential missions aimed at strengthened U.S. science and technology relations with Latin America; 5. A presidential appeal for congressional support and funding of the proposed "Institute for Scientific and Technological Cooperation," which he described as capable of providing "a new and explicit focus on the scientific and technological resources that can be brought to bear on the difficult problems of development"; and 6. The United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development, held in Vienna in August 1979. (An Intergovernmental U.N. Committee for Science and Technology for Development was formed, to which the President wants to pledge $15 million for its activities.) The President emphasized in his message the need to stimulate greater attention in these four areas: 1. strengthening domestic research and development objectives through international initiatives; 2. scientific exchanges to effect bridges to differing cultures and societies; 3. aid to developing countries; and 4. enhanced management of "global" technologies." In the remainder of his message, the President: (1) stressed the importance of a trained cadre of officers skilled in and aware of the • Report of Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy-Message from the President, op. cit. impact of science and technology policy on foreign societies and (2) directed the Secretary of State to take the following six actions aimed at evaluating programs in this area: 1. To study the relationship of U.S. foreign policy objectives and international activities in science and technology to provide advice on new agreements; 2. To maintain a data base of bilateral and multilateral science and technology activities; 3. To develop and apply cost effectiveness criteria in reviewing the utility of bilateral and multilateral science and technology agreements; 4. To play a major role in assessment of agreements for major bilateral and multilateral science and technology activities; 5. To maintain continuous oversight of major international science and technology agreements and activities; and 6. To maintain awareness of research and development findings of other U.S. mission agencies potentially useful in solving problems of developing countries. The President's report also called the attention of the Congress to the future need for "intelligence application of our vast scientific and technological capabilities" to deal with such global problems as economic development, resource conservation and management, environmental protection, and the struggle against disease and hunger. B. Scope of the Department of State Supplementary Report The supplementary report contains a broad discussion of relating to U.S. bilateral and multilateral science and technology activities, including their foreign policy implications and benefits. In addition, the report also discusses briefly personnel and training as well as funding of these activities. In the following chapter, the CRS analysis of the State Department report is presented. CHAPTER III—ANALYSIS OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT Introduction The supplementary report prepared by the Department of State is the first report presented to the Congress pursuant to section 503 (b) of Public Law 95-426. It provides for the first time in history a useful description of the scope of U.S. science and technology-related foreign policy issues and activities and reflects considerable work. However, the report does not fully meet the legislative intent of the statute in several ways, including: (1) the organization and presentation of the material; (2) the attention to the foreign policy implications of the bilateral and multilateral activities including personnel, training and funding; and (3) the attention given to the longer-range implications of the scientific and technological activities. Each of these points is discussed in the following paragraphs in order to contribute to improving subsequent reports. A. Organization and Presentation of the Material The organization and presentation of the material is illustrated by the Table of Contents of the Department of State's report, as follows: Summary Chapter 1. International relations aspects of civil space activities Activities Chapter 2. Population Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Agency for International Development Oceans: Law of the Sea; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; International Council for the Exploration of the Sea The Antarctic Treaty International Whaling Commission Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission International Marine Consultative Organization (IMCO) Environment Multilateral Mechanisms Department of State Goals for Coming Year Foreign Policy Implications S&T Benefits Review Process Chapter 5. Food and natural resources Multilateral Mechanisms Foreign Policy Aspects S&T Benefits Review Process Bilateral Development Assistance Activities in Agriculture Fish Cultivation Nutrition Using Satellites to Identify Minerals, Monitor Environmental Threats Improving Management of Water Resources Helping to Design Reforestation Programs Chapter 6. Nuclear energy, nonproliferation, and energy technology cooperation International Atomic Energy Agency Chapter 7. Chapter 8. International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation International Energy Technology Group Science and Technology in NATO and OECD The U.N. Conference on Science and Technology for Development Multilateral Involvement Multilateral Mechanisms Significant Health Issues and Programs Foreign Policy Implications of Selected Activities Chapter 10. Bilateral agreements and activities Andean Pact Caribbean Brazil Canada Egypt Federal Republic of Germany France India Israel Japan Mexico Peoples Republic of China Poland Romania Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Kingdom Venezuela Yugoslavia Chapter 11. Personnel and Training Personnel Standards Training for Other Domestic Agencies Needs for Additional Training Interagency Personnel Exchanges Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 12. Funding for United States Government International Scientific and Technological Activities Survey of Existing Funding Procedures Legislative Mandates for International S&T Activities APPENDIXES 1. Inventory of bilateral technical agreements, listed by lead agency As the Contents indicate, the Report begins with a brief introduction and summary. In several subsequent chapters, the report addresses a number of "global issues", then deals with "bilateral activities" and agreements, and concludes with two chapters respectively that deal with personnel and training and with funding of scientific and technological activities. The three appendices focus on U.S. bilateral agreements in various areas of science and technology. We found the discussion of the subject matter very interesting and useful. However, we also found certain problems of organization and presentation of the material overall and within each of the chapters. Each of these is discussed briefly below. First, the overall organization and presentation raises several concerns that could, we think, be dealt with rather easiliy. One concern |