have been several witnesses who have testified in their opinion if we had the assurance available to the high school students in the District that opportunity would be provided them to go on to college, that we might come to recognize that that would have a cause to affect relationship in these particulars:

First, that if some students who drop out of high school knew that they would have a chance to go on to college and prepare themselves with college work for a better livelihood after they had completed college, they might think twice before they dropped out of high school as juniors or seniors when someone came along and offered them a job that they decided at least paid them enough so that they could start making a livelihood. Instead of dropping out, they might forgo that immediate job and stay on in high school so they could eventually go to college.

Do you think there is any basis, in fact, for that view?

Miss THOMPSON. Yes; I do, because a lot of the students that go to Roosevelt feel lost because they feel there is nothing to do after they graduate from Roosevelt because, I think it has been stated already, that it is even expensive to apply to colleges these days, much less paying for your tuition after you are accepted, with a fee of $10 to $15 just to apply.

Some people can't afford to do that so they feel caved, sort of; they don't know what they are going to do when they graduate. I think if they had the assurance of a free 4-year college after high school, it would make them feel more assured of the future.

Senator MORSE. Miss Thompson, there is a second point I would raise: There has not been any direct testimony on this, but I think it has been indirectly involved in some of the discussion.

Do you think that if students who are in high school now and stay on through graduation; if they knew that a 4-year public college was available to them after graduation, they might prepare themselves a little differently in high school for that college work than is the case now when, as you say, they just don't think there is very much hope for advancement after high school anyway, and that that reflects somewhat on their incentive to do better high school work compared to what they would be able to do if they were trying to go on to college and also might influence somewhat the choices that they make in high school in the courses that they take in order to prepare for life after high school?

My question is: Do you think that the availability of a college opportunity after graduation might influence the work of a good many students that do stay on in high school until they finally graduate?

Miss THOMPSON. Whenever we have a goal to look forward to, I think we work better and those people who can see that there is something for them after high school would work better because they can see that they have a chance of becoming successful.

So, I think that the answer to your question is yes; I do think that they would work better.

Senator MORSE. Thank you very much, Miss Thompson.

Miss PINKETT. Thomasine Wormley, Eastern High School.

STATEMENT OF MISS THOMASINE WORMLEY, EASTERN HIGH

SCHOOL, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Miss WORMLEY. Senator Morse, the idea of education is to end illiteracy. This idea was achieved in my grandmother's day with the introduction of free and liberal elementary and secondary education.

But now, in the space age, a greater need of education is necessarya college education. In my grandmother's day, everyone could not afford the education. This statement is true today.

In all of the 50 States, there is some type of provision for a public college education. In Washington, the District of Columbia, the Capital of the United States, an example of an American city, there is no such provision. know that we need and want these facilities to fur

I want to let you

ther our education.

We understand it takes time, but how much time? When will you provide a public liberal arts college? In 30, 40, 60 years? I hope not. I want to see the college in production in a few years and begin admitting students in less than 10 years.

While these hearings are in session, the resources of human brainpower are going to waste without the proper cultivation of a higher education.

There are only a few scholarships available and so many young men and women with average scholastical records are competing for the scholarships, and only a few will receive them.

With the reality of this statement, several students become discouraged and leave high school to discover the best paying jobs want their applicants to have a college education. Without a college education, these potential college students become unemployed, unqualified, and dissatisfied.

In 15 years, a busboy will need a college education in order to operate the machine, a dishwasher.

The unfortunate child living in the District of Columbia would have a chance, an opportunity, if you begin this program today—not tomorrow-not 100 years from now.

Advancements in technology make it impossible to achieve a proper position in society without a college education.

The solution: Give District of Columbia a liberal arts college and a junior college.

The results: The fulfillment of needed personnel in several fields, and the beginning of the end of the unemployment and crime now present in the Washington area.

Thank you.

Senator MORSE. I thank you. It is a very fine statement.

You heard the questions I asked Miss Thompson, did you?

Miss WORMLEY. Yes, sir.

Senator MORSE. Do you agree with her answers?

Miss WORMLEY. Yes, sir.

Senator MORSE. Do you have any qualifications or additions that you want to make in regard to those questions?

Miss WORMLEY. Could I ask the stenographer to read back your questions?

Senator MORSE. I will restate them very quickly.

I asked Miss Thompson, in effect, did she think that the availability of a 4-year college opportunity after students graduate from high school might have the effect of causing some students that are now dropping out of school to stay in school and prepare themselves for a higher education opportunity, and do you think that is true?

Miss WORMLEY. I definitely agree with that because, as I stated in my speech, that with this college was the beginning of the end of unemployment and crime now present in the Washington area may have a solution because half of the criminals walking around in the Washington area are high school graduates who don't have any place to go after high school. They know they are not going to get any kind of decent job; they are not going to be respected in society without a college education; so why not become a criminal? You know you are not going to get anywhere.

Senator MORSE. The second general question was this: If there were available to high school graduates in the District of Columbia a publicly supported college to which they can go, do you think that that would have an effect on the preparation that they make in high school and tend to have them select their courses more carefully and themselves more adequately to go on to college?

prepare

Miss WORMLEY. I definitely agree with that, because I stated that we have a great need of personnel in medicine, in space, in science and we can get these people right after high school. If they know they have a college to go to, they will go to that college and we will have better scientists in the Washington area, and not only in Washington, in the whole United States; that will even help the rating of the United States.

Senator MORSE. On this committee, complaints are frequently made that there is a need for improving the quality of student work in our high schools in the District and that there is a need for improving this great scholastic esprit de corps in some of our high schools. Let's assume that just for sake of argument.

My reaction to it is, as you have pointed out in your statement, that in many instances I suspect that the lower quality of work that the students X, Y, and Z may be doing is because of their feeling of hopelessness and they serve out their high school period and do work good enough to get a diploma and let it go at that. That lack of educational opportunity after high school is costing us something in this respect in the high schools in the District of Columbia under a number of students-I don't know how many-but whatever the extent, it is too many. We ought to do what we can to make use of the higher education opportunities being made available to these students to help meet that problem.

Do you find there is any merit in the observation I have made?
Miss WORMLEY. Yes; I do.

Senator MORSE. I thank you very, very much indeed.

Miss PINKETT. Tanya Taylor, Cardozo High School.

STATEMENT OF MISS TANYA TAYLOR, STUDENT, CARDOZO HIGH SCHOOL, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Miss TAYLOR. Senator Morse, my name is Tanya Taylor, and I am from Cardozo High School.

This morning as I listened to the many statements when given, I realized that my statement would be repetitious. Therefore, I shall try to show you the reason we need a 2-year community college and a 4-year liberal arts college, from my own limited experience.

Recently I read an article which stated that the mean family income in a certain school was $5,000 and that the graduating students only 16.6, and 29.9 percent of the students attended college after graduation. I don't know whether the school is supposed to be Cardozo, but it could well have been.

For 4 years I have attended Cardozo and in those 4 years I have been preparing myself to enter college after graduation; so have 140 others of the 370-odd students graduating from Cardozo.

Many of these students will not be able to attend college. Some did not apply, knowing that they could not afford it, and others that did apply and were accepted will be unable to attend because they cannot get the scholarship that is necessary to finance their education. If the 2-year community college, and a 4-year liberal arts college were established, they, the students, would be assured of a higher education and they would work harder toward their goal and they would have hope-hope-one of the essential qualities of human existence. Thank you, Senator Morse.

Senator MORSE. Thank you.

I would like to summarize all the questions I have asked the previous two witnesses.

To avoid repetition, do you agree with the chairman of this committee that the availablity of a 4-year liberal arts course in a public college in the District of Columbia, 2-year course in the community college, would prove there is a considerable incentive to many students now in the high schools in the District of Columbia to do better work while there and to go on for further education?

Miss TAYLOR. Yes, sir, Senator Morse; I do. I am trying to avoid being repetitious. However, when you look forward to a goal, you have a goal in mind and you have a wide choice of areas to go into; you are certainly going to work hard to achieve that goal.

Senator MORSE. Thank you very much.

Miss PINKETT. Senator Morse, our final witness is a young man from Dunbar High School. I think his suggestion is a very interesting one and I would like to share it with you briefly.

He is lieutenant colonel and commanding officer of the Washington High School Cadets. He has received the Legion of Valor Award from the 2d Army in recognition of being the outstanding cadet in this five-State area.

Now, this young man, Francis Taylor, has taken and successfully passed the District Commissioners' opening competitive examination and he has received a nomination to the Naval Academy at Annapolis. He has taken and passed all entrance examinations for the Academy

with the exception of one for his eyes. He is presently awaiting a waiver which we hope will come about and will admit him despite this exception.

He is the son of a widow of modest means, and should he not get this waiver, Francis Taylor may well not be able to go to college in September. I really hope for him, as I know you wish for him, that we had these institutions today.

Francis Taylor.

Senator MORSE. Mr. Taylor, I want to welcome you to the committee and I want to congratulate you on the scholastic record you have made. I certainly express to you my best wishes that you will gain admission to Annapolis.

I am particularly pleased to have you because of your very interesting status to testify this afternoon in support of public colleges for the District of Columbia.

You may proceed.

STATEMENT OF FRANCIS X. TAYLOR, STUDENT, DUNBAR HIGH SCHOOL, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Mr. TAYLOR. Thank you very much, Senator.

Young people of the District of Columbia need a city college for many reasons-financial, personal, and social. Financial difficulties account for the lack of higher education for many. Some apply for scholarships, but since the competition is so keen for these scholarships only a few succeed in getting them. The others, many of whom are very good students, are unable to attend college simply because they did not receive these scholarships.

Then there is the problem of social adjustment. Some students who go out of town to school find it difficult to adjust to the surroundings. If the District of Columbia had a public college, they could live at home. Many students have had no experience living away from home and would be better able to adjust in this type situation. Moreover, since they probably will attend classes with students they knew in high school, they would have an added feeling of security.

Having a city college would be an incentive. If a student knows there is a college that he can attend, he can set his goal and he will be motivated to work harder toward this goal. Many who know they cannot go to college do not study and barely make passing grades. According to a citywide college intention questionnaire, a large majority of students said they wanted to attend college but many cannot because of the expense and would attend if there were a city college or even a junior college.

The crime rate in the District of Columbia could be lowered if people had the opportunity for a free higher education. High school graduates who cannot find jobs have to turn to crime.

The establishment of a city college would be a tremendous help not only to the youth of the city but to the city, itself.

Thank you.

Senator MORSE. Mr. Taylor, I thank you very much.

I interpret your statement, in part at least, to verify the points of view expressed by the other three witnesses in regard to the chairman's questions. That is correct, is it not?