on September 3, 1464, and he was buried in Santa Maria Maggiore, at the foot of the chapel of Nostra Donna, where his father, Count Dolce, had already been laid to rest. His grave was covered with a slab, the bas-relief on which represented him clad in armor, with the senatorial toque instead of a helmet. This interesting monument was removed and destroyed at the time of Benedict XIV, and we should probably have been ignorant of its very existence had not a learned man of the age, Francesco Gualdi da Rimini, copied the inscription and made a sketch of the tomb.

The house of the Anguillara continued in great favor with the Trastevere people until lately, on account of the extraordinary representation of the presepio or crèche of our Lord, which the last owner of the tower, Signor Giuseppe Forti, used to prepare on the top of it during the Advent weeks. I myself remember this truly remarkable sight, the grotto of Bethlehem being constructed so cleverly as to give through its various openings exquisite vistas over Tivoli, Frascati, Albano, Monte Mario, and other points of interest of the Roman Campagna.

LIFE IN THE CITY

In the fifth year of his rule Pope Leo X ordered a census to be taken of the inhabitants of Rome, and entrusted the task to the rectors of the one hundred and thirty-one parishes into which the city was ecclesiastically divided. The census was taken some time between the months of July, 1517, and November of the following year, as proved by two entries, one relating to Lorenzo Campeggi, who was promoted to the cardinalship on July 1, 1517; the other to Madonna Vannozza, mother of Cæsar Borgia, who is mentioned as the living owner of a house in the parish of Santo Stefano in Piscinula, and who died an octogenarian on the 26th day of November, 1518.

The results of the census were registered in a deed, the original of which has been discovered by Mariano Armellini in codex M. 193 (125) of the Vatican archives; but, unfortunately, of the one hundred and fifty-six sheets that composed it, eighty-eight have been torn to pieces; yet, in spite of its fragmentary state, the document reveals some important facts. First, that the census was taken from a purely fiscal point of view, and therefore it does not indicate how many persons dwelt in a single house, or palace, or monastery, but only mentions the name, mother country, profession, and social condition of the owner of the property, and of the head of the family. Secondly, that the people in those days, as at present, objected to being registered in the government's books, and refused to answer the questions of

the official messengers. Thus, mention is made in the Rione di Ponte of a "donna superbia (sic)," a scornful woman who declines to give the name of the landowner; and in the Rione di Campomarzio of a "giardino d' Ascanio," which, the statistician says, "no si sa de chi sia ne chi ve habita.' Thirdly, that the parish priests of the time of Leo X were not educated persons, nor skilled in the mysteries of spelling their own vernacular. The word "bottega" (shop), for instance, is written in five various ways and all misspelled. Fourthly, that the "Romani di Roma," the children of the soil, formed but a minority of the cosmopolitan population. Lastly, that the "cortigiane" outnumbered the honest. women. These last two points, concerning the prevalence of strangers and courtesans in Rome, need a few words of explanation.

After Martin V in 1420 and Eugenius IV in 1443 had put an end to the wanderings of the heads of the Church, and given the papal government a firm and permanent basis in Rome, strangers from every province of Italy and from every state beyond the Alps, and beyond the seas, flocked to the city of the seven hills in quest of occupation, of pleasure, of fortune, of adventure, and of a career in one of the thousand branches of the pontifical administration. This cosmopolitan assembly was subject to periodical changes in the constitution of its elements, according to the chance of the day. The Venetians prevailed at the time of Eugenius IV and Paul II; the Ligurians under Sixtus IV, Innocent VIII, and Julius II; the Tuscans under the Medici popes; the Spaniards under Calixtus III and Alexander VI; the northerners under Adrian VI. "We cannot deny," wrote Marcello Alberini on the eve of the sack of 1527, "that we Romans form but a minority in this international ren

1 That is, single women and widows.

1

dezvous of the world." Historians had already gathered the evidence of this fact from the perusal of the twenty-five thousand funereal inscriptions of Roman churches collected by Pier Luigi Galletti and Vincenzo Forcella, in which British, French, Spanish, Lusitanian, and German names occur in such numbers that Galletti considered it expedient to devote a volume to each nationality. The same fact is so conspicuous in the census of Leo X, published by Armellini, that we cannot help asking ourselves the question, Where were then, where are now, the true Romani di Roma? Alas! even the popular quarter of the Trastevere, the alleged surviving relic of the Populus Romanus Quiritium, unsoiled and unspoiled by contact with foreign invaders, makes no exception to the rule. Documentary evidence compels us to believe that our Trasteverini owe their traits of honesty, bravery, passion, vindictiveness, and readiness to settle their quarrels man to man, not to their alleged descent from the classic "plebs," but to the Corsican blood which permeates their veins. The parishes of San Bartolomeo all' Isola and San Crisogono numbered so many Corsican residents that for some time the bodyguard of the Pope could be drafted exclusively from this troublesome colony. The other foreign colonies clustered around their national churches, colleges, or hospices, or in the district in which their own individual trade or industry found better chances of success. The French excelled as perfumers, glovemakers, confectioners, makers of musical instruments and hunting weapons; the Teutons as bakers; the Spaniards as booksellers; the Lombards as builders and architects; the Dalmatians as boat-builders and navigators; while the Ligurians and the Florentines reigned supreme in the

1 Pier Luigi Galletti, Codices Vaticani, 7904–7921; Vincenzo Forcella, Iscrizioni delle chiese e d' altri edificii di Roma, 1869.

contrada de' Banchi as money kings and collectors of

taxes.

A walk through the old quarters of Parione, Regola, and Ponte cannot fail to bring back to our memory these interesting particulars of city life at the time of Leo X. The names of the streets are the same, mostly connected with special branches of industry, such as the Vie de' Baullari, Cappellari, Cartari, Chiavari, Calzettari, Pianellari, Pettinari, etc., although their respective tradesmen in trunks, hats, paper, locks, underwear, slippers, toilet articles, etc., are now dispersed all over the city. A few streets, however, have not changed name or occupation since the time the census was taken. The Via de' Giubbonari, for instance, is still haunted by makers of "giubbe," or mantles for the peasantry; the Via de' Canestrari by dealers in wicker-work; the Via de' Coronari by dealers in chaplets and articles of religion; and the Via de' Staderari by makers of scales and weights.

As soon as a foreign colony had attained a certain amount of wealth and consideration, its first thought was to build a national church and a national hospice for pilgrims; many of these institutions have enjoyed and still enjoy great celebrity. I have already described in "New Tales" those founded by the Anglo-Saxons in A. D. 727, the oldest and foremost of the foreign "scholae" in the Vatican district. At the time of the census, the schola Saxonum, abolished by Innocent III in 1204, was represented by three descendants: the church and hospice of San Tommaso degli Inglesi in the Via di Monserrato, those of Sant' Andrea degli Scozzesi a Capo le case, and those of the Ibernesi.

To the same class belong the charitable institutions of San Luigi de' Francesi, San Claudio de' Borgognoni (Burgundians), San Nicola de' Lorenesi, San Giacomo degli