tion or liberate charged particles having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization or atomic or electron excitation by collision. (d) "Infrasonic, sonic (or audible) and ultrasonic waves" refer to energy transmitted as an alteration (pressure, particle displacement or density) in a property of an elastic medium (gas, liquid or solid) that can be detected by an instrument or listener. (e) "Electronic product" means (1) any manufactured or assembled product which, when in operation, (i) contains or acts as part of an electronic circuit and (ii) emits (or in the absence of effective shielding or other controls would emit) electronic product radiation, or (2) any manufactured or assembled article which is intended for use as a component, part, or accessory of a product described in subparagraph (1) and which when in operation emits (or in the absence of effective shielding or other controls would such radiation. emit) free-space -10 wavelength (meter) microwaves -10-2 radio very low 102 frequency 1 1 -102 -104 106 108 Figure 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum (f) "Manufacturer" means any person engaged in the business of manufac turing, assembling, or importing of electronic products. (g) "Commerce" means (1) commerce between any place in any State and any place outside thereof, and (2) commerce wholly within the District of Columbia. (h) "State" means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. (i) "Act" means the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 (Public Law 90-602, 42 U.S.C. 263b et seq.). (j) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (k) "Federal standard" means a performance standard issued pursuant to section 358 of the Act. (1) The term "dealer" means a person engaged in the business of offering electronic products for sale to purchasers, without regard to whether such person is or has been primarily engaged in such business, and includes persons who offer such products for lease or as prizes or awards. (m) The term "distributor" means a person engaged in the business of offering electronic products for sale to dealers without regard to whether such person is or has been primarily or customarily engaged in such business. (n) The term "purchaser" means the first person who, for value, or as an award or prize, acquires an electronic product for purposes other than resale, and also includes a person who leases an electronic product for purposes other than subleasing. (o) The term "model" means any identifiable, unique electronic product design, and refers to products having the same structural and electrical design characteristics and to which the manufacturer has assigned a specific designation to differentiate between it and other products produced by that manufacturer. [35 F.R. 890, Jan. 22, 1970, as amended at 35 F.R. 16795, Oct. 30, 1970] § 78.101 Examples of electronic products subject to the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968. The following listed electronic products are intended to serve as illustrative examples of sources of electronic product radiation to which the regulations of this part apply. (a) Examples of electronic products which may emit X-rays and other ionizing electromagnetic radiation, electrons, neutrons, and other particulate radiation include: Ionizing electromagnetic radiation: X-ray machines (industrial, medical, research, educational). Particulate radiation and ionizing electro- (b) Examples of electronic products which may emit ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio and low frequency electromagnetic radiation include: Ultraviolet: Biochemical and medical analyzers. Tanning and therapeutic lamps. Sanitizing and sterilizing devices. Black light sources. Welding equipment. Visible: White light devices. Infrared: Alarm systems. Dryers, ovens, and heaters. Microwave: Alarm systems. Dryers. ovens, and heaters. Microwave power generating devices. Remote control devices. Signal generators. Radio and low frequency: Cauterizers. Diathermy units. Power generation and transmission equipment. Signal generators. Electromedical equipment. (c) Examples of electronic products which may emit coherent electromagnetic radiation produced by stimulated emission include: Laser: Art-form, experimental and educational devices. Biomedical analyzers. Cauterizing, burning and welding devices. Cutting and drilling devices. Communications transmitters. Rangefinding devices. Maser: Communications transmitters. (d) Examples of electronic products which may emit infrasonic, sonic, and The standards listed in this subpart are prescribed pursuant to section 358 of the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 263f) and are applicable to electronic products as specified herein, to control electronic product radiation from such products. Standards so prescribed are subject to amendment or revocation and additional standards may be prescribed as are determined necessary for the protection of the public health and safety. § 78.201 Certification. (a) Every manufacturer of an electronic product for which an applicable standard is in effect under this subpart shall furnish to the dealer or distributor, at the time of delivery of such product, the certification that such product conforms to all applicable standards under this subpart. (b) The certification shall be in the form of a label or tag permanently affixed to or inscribed on such product so as to be legible and readily accessible to view when the product is fully assembled for use, unless the applicable standard prescribes some other manner of certification. (c) Such certification shall be based upon a test, in accordance with the standard, of the individual article to which it is attached or upon a testing program which is in accordance with good manufacturing practices. The Sec retary may disapprove such a testing program on the grounds that it does not assure the adequacy of safeguards against hazardous electronic product radiation or that it does not assure that electronic products comply with the standard prescribed under this subpart. (d) In the case of products for which it is not feasible to certify in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section, upon application by the manufacturer, the Secretary may approve an alternate means by which such certification may be provided. [34 F.R. 20274, Dec. 25, 1969, as amended at 36 F.R. 18645, Sept. 18, 1971] § 78.202 Identification. (a) Every manufacturer of an electronic product to which a standard under this subpart is applicable shall set forth the information specified in subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph. This information shall be provided in the form of a tag or label permanently affixed or inscribed on such product so as to be legible and readily accessible to view when the product is fully assembled for use or in such other manner as may be prescribed in the applicable standard. (1) The full name and address of the manufacturer of the product: Abbreviations such as "Co.," "Inc.," or their foreign equivalents and the first and middle initials of individuals may be used. Where products are sold under a name other than that of the manufacturer of the product, the full name and address of the individual or company under whose name the product was sold may be set forth, provided such individual or company has previously supplied the Secretary with sufficient information to identify the manufacturer of the product. (2) The month, year, and place of manufacture: This information may be expressed in code provided the manufacturer has previously supplied the Secretary with the key to such code. (b) In the case of products for which it is not feasible to affix identification labeling in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, upon application by the manufacturer, the Secretary may approve an alternate means by which such identification may be provided. (c) Every manufacturer of an electronic product to which is applicable a standard under this subpart shall provide the Secretary with a list identifying each brand name which is applied to the product together with the full name and address of the individual or company for whom each product so branded is manufactured. [36 F.R. 18645, Sept. 18, 1971] § 78.203 Special test procedures. The Secretary may, on the basis of a written application by a manufacturer, authorize test programs other than those set forth in the standard for an electronic product if he determines that such products are not susceptible to satisfactory testing by the procedures set forth in the standard and that the alternative test procedures assure compliance with the standard. § 78.204 Electronic products intended for export. The performance standard prescribed in this subpart shall not apply to any electronic product which is intended solely for export if (a) such product and the outside of any shipping container used in the export of such product are labeled or tagged to show that such product is intended for export. and (b) such product meets all the applicable requirements of the country to which such product is intended for export. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 78.210 Television receivers. (a) Applicability. The provisions of this section are applicable to television receivers manufactured subsequent to January 15, 1970. (b) Definitions. (1) "External surface" means the cabinet or enclosure provided by the manufacturer as part of the receiver. If a cabinet or enclosure is not provided as part of the receiver, the external surface shall be considered to be a hypothetical cabinet, the plane surfaces of which are located at those minimum distances from the chassis sufficient to enclose all components of the receiver except that portion of the neck and socket of the cathode-ray tube which normally extends beyond the plane surfaces of the enclosure. (2) "Maximum test voltage" means 130 root mean square volts if the receiver is designed to operate from nominal 110 to 120 root mean square volt power sources. If the receiver is designed to operate from a power source having some voltage other than from nominai 110 to 120 root mean square volts, maximum test voltage means 110 percent of the nominal root mean square voltage specified by the manufacturer for the power source. (3) "Service controls" means all of those controls on a television receiver provided by the manufacturer for purposes of adjustment which, under normal usage, are not accessible to the user. (4) "Television receiver" means an electronic product designed to receive and display a television picture through broadcast, cable, or closed circuit television. (5) "Usable picture" means a picture in synchronization and transmitting viewable intelligence. (6) "User controls" means all of those controls on a television receiver, provided by the manufacturer for purposes of adjustment, which on a fully assembled receiver under normal usage, are accessible to the user. (c) Requirements—(1) Exposure rate limit. Radiation exposure rates produced by a television receiver shall not exceed 0.5 milliroentgens per hour at a distance of five (5) centimeters from any point on the external surface of the receiver, as measured in accordance with this section. (2) Measurements. Compliance with the exposure rate limit defined in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be determined by measurements made with an instrument, the radiation sensitive volume of which shall have a cross section parallel to the external surface of the receiver with an area of ten (10) square centimeters and no dimension larger than five (5) centimeters. Measurements made with instruments having other areas must be corrected for spatial nonuniformity of the radiation field to obtain the exposure rate average over a ten (10) square centimeter area. (3) Test conditions. All measurements shall be made with the receiver displaying a usable picture and with the power source operated at supply voltages up to the maximum text voltage of the receiver and, as applicable, under the following specific conditions: (i) On television receivers manufactured subsequent to January 15, 1970, measurements shall be made with all user controls adjusted so as to produce maximum x-radiation emissions from the receiver. (ii) On television receivers manufactured subsequent to June 1, 1970, measurements shall be made with all user controls and all service controls adjusted to combinations which result in the production of maximum x-radiation emissions. (iii) On teleivsion receivers manufactured subsequent to June 1, 1971, measurements shall be made under the conditions described in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, together with conditions identical to those which result from that component or circuit failure which maximizes x-radiation emissions. (4) Critical component warning. The manufacturer shall permanently affix or inscribe a warning label, clearly legible under conditions of service, on all television receivers which could produce radiation exposure rates in excess of the requirements of this § 78.210 as a result of failure or improper adjustment or improper replacement of a circuit or shield component. The warning label shall include the specification of operating high voltage and an instruction for adjusting the high voltage to the specified value. [34 F.R. 20274, Dec. 25, 1969, as amended at 36 F.R. 23523, Dec. 10, 1971] § 78.211 Cold-cathode tubes. gas discharge (a) Applicability. The provisions of this section are applicable to coldcathode gas discharge tubes designed to demonstrate the effects of a flow of electrons or the production of x radiation as specified herein. (b) Definitions. "Beam blocking device" means a movable or removable portion of any enclosure around a coldcathode gas discharge tube, which may be opened or closed to permit or prevent the emergence of an exit beam. "Cold-cathode gas discharge tube" means an electronic device in which electron flow is produced and sustained by ionization of contained gas atoms and ion bombardment of the cathode. "Exit beam" means that portion of the radiation which passes through the aperture resulting from the opening of the beam blocking device. "Exposure" means the sum of the electrical charges on all of the ions of one sign produced in air when all electrons liberated by photons in a volume element of air are completely stopped in air divided by the mass of the air in the volume element. The special unit of exposure is the roentgen. One (1) roentgen equals 2.58×10 coulombs/kilogram. (c) Requirements. (1) Exposure rate limit: (i) Radiation exposure rates produced by cold-cathode gas discharge tubes shall not exceed 10 mR./hr. at a distance of thirty (30) centimeters from any point on the external surface of the tube, as measured in accordance with this section. (ii) The divergence of the exit beam from tubes designed primarily to demonstrate the effects of x radiation, with the beam blocking device in the open position, shall not exceed (Pi) steradians. (2) Measurements: (i) Compliance with the exposure rate limit defined in (c) (1) (i) shall be determined by measurements averaged over an area of one hundred (100) square centimeters with no linear dimension greater than twenty (20) centimeters. (ii) Measurements of exposure rates from tubes in enclosures from which the tubes cannot be removed without destroying the function of the tube may be made at a distance of thirty (30) centimeters from any point on the external surface of the enclosure. provided: (a) In the case of enclosures containing tubes designed primarily to demonstrate the production of x radiation, measurements shall be made with any beam blocking device in the beam blocking position, or (b) In the case of enclosures containing tubes designed primarily to demonstrate the effects of a flow of electrons, measurements shall be made with all movable or removable parts of such enclosure in the position which would maximize external exposure levels. (3) Test conditions: (i) Measurements shall be made under the conditions of use specified in instructions provided by the manufacturer. (ii) Measurements shall be made with the tube operated under forward and reverse polarity. (4) Instructions, labels, and warnings: (i) Manufacturers shall provide, or cause to be provided, with each tube to which this section is applicable, appropriate safety instructions, together with instructions for the use of such tube, including the specification of a power source for use with the tube. (ii) Each enclosure or tube shall have inscribed on or permanently affixed to it, tags or labels, which identify the intended polarity of the terminals and: (a) In the case of tubes designed primarily to demonstrate the heat effect, fluorescence effect, or magnetic effect, a warning that application of power in excess of that specified may result in the production of x rays in excess of allowable limits; and (b) in the case of tubes designed primarily to demonstrate the production of x radiation, a warning that this device produces x rays when energized. (iii) The tag or label required by this paragraph shall be located on the tube or enclosure so as to be readily visible and legible when the product is fully assembled for use. [35 F.R. 7699, May 19, 1970, as amended at 36 F.R. 23523, Dec. 10, 1971] § 78.212 Microwave ovens. (a) Applicability. The provisions of this standard are applicable to microwave ovens manufactured after October 6, 1971. (b) Definitions. (1) "Microwave oven" means a device designed to heat, cook, or dry food through the application of electromagnetic energy at frequencies assigned by the Federal Communications Commission in the normal ISM heating bands ranging from 890 megahertz to 6,000 megahertz. As defined in this standard, "microwave ovens" are limited to those manufactured for use in homes, restaurants, food vending, or service establishments, on interstate carriers, and in similar facilities. (2) "Cavity" means that portion of the microwave oven in which food may be heated, cooked, or dried. (3) "Door" means the movable barrier which prevents access to the cavity during operation and whose function is to prevent leakage of microwave energy from the passage or opening which provides access to the cavity. (4) "Safety interlock" means a device or system of devices which is intended to prevent generation of microwave energy when access to the cavity is possible. (5) "Service adjustments or service procedures" mean those servicing methods prescribed by the manufacturer for a specific product model. (6) "Stirrer" means that feature of a microwave oven which is intended to provide uniform heating of the load by constantly changing the standing wave pattern within the cavity or moving the load. (7) "External surface" means the outside surface of the cabinet or enclosure provided by the manufacturer as part of the microwave oven, including doors, door handles, latches, and control knobs. |