tions. To clarify the law and simplify their task Congress should include safeguards in the Higher Education Amendments of 1966 to bar grants or loans to sectarian colleges and thereby protect the citizen's First Amendment right not to be taxed for the support of religion-his own or anyone else's. We respectfully suggest that Congress make use of the criteria accepted by the Maryland Court of Appeals for determining whether particular colleges are sectarian in character.

Attention might also be called to the fact that the Internal Revenue Service allows businesses controlled by churches the same tax exemption as churches themselves. If a church-controlled business is considered by the Treasury Department to be a church, with regard to the flow of tax funds in one direction, why should not the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare consider a church-controlled college to be a church with regard to tax funds flowing in the other direction? Congress, of course, has the power to resolve this strange inconsistency.

In conclusion, our members and a great many other citizens are deeply concerned about those aspects of various federal programs which are allowing an ever increasing stream of tax funds to flow to religious institutions. This is happening under the Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the Defense Education Act, the Economic Opportunity Act, and various federal programs for the disposal of surplus government property and for the distribution of agricultural surpluses in needy nations overseas. What began as a trickling stream has become a raging torrent which may one day sweep away the wall of separation between church and state erected by the First Amendment. As Senator Sam Ervin said last February at a national conference sponsored by our organization, quoting Elihu Root: "We have staked the very existence of our country on the faith that complete separation between the state and religion is best for the State and best for religion." We hope that Congress will see fit to amend S. 3047 and H.R. 14644 to the end that no grants or loans be provided to sectarian religious institutions, and that the criteria laid down by the Maryland Court of Appeals be utilized to differentiate between institutions to which grants or loans may be constitutionally provided and those to which they may not be constitutionally provided. If such an amendment is not added to S. 3047 and H.R. 14644, then we strongly urge that a judicial review amendment be added to these bills similar to that amendment to the 1963 Higher Educational Facilities Act which was added by Senator Ervin, and passed by the Senate, but which was dropped, I believe, by the joint conferees at the insistence of members of the House

The Senate is aware of the need for judicial review as a result of the hearings on S. 2097, so that it is not necessary to repeat the arguments for review here. Surely, if there are differences of opinion as to the constitutionality of grants to certain institutions, taxpayers should be accorded access to the courts to challenge the constitutionality of expenditures for the benefit of sectarian institutions. After all, a right without a remedy can hardly be called a right.

As a parent and as a public school teacher, I am gratified by the Congress's interest in education. But I agree wholeheartedly with the many citizens I represent here today that nothing should take precedence over our First amendment liberties, described by Senator Ervin as "the greatest contribution this nation has made both in the realm of politicies and of religion."

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. As you well know and pointed out in your testimony, there is every reason to believe that the Supreme Court will take this under advisement in the fall session and give us some kind of determination of their attitudes. I think many of us are looking forward certainly to their declaration. I think it will be extremely illuminating and important as well as clarifying this whole area. And so I want to thank you very much for your appearance here this morning and for taking the time to come. I know that the organization that you represent is extremely interested and has been extremely helpful to many Members of Congress and the Senate in helping to bring material and information to them which provides for a more balanced and informed judgment.

I personally received letters from your organization and have always found them to be helpful and constructive, and so I want to thank you on behalf of the subcommittee for taking time to appear here on a matter which is of great importance and urgency. I think you made a very comprehensive and enlightening presentation. I want to thank you for it.

Mr. DOERR. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Our next witness is Miss Carolyn Whitenack. She presently is associate professor at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Previously she had been associated at the University of Kentucky in the Department of Library Science, University of Illinois, a teacher in the Kentucky public schools; she is the president-elect of the American Association of School Librarians and a member of the American Library Association Council. She has an A.B. degree from the University of Kentucky, an M.S. degree from the University of Illinois, and many other parts to her biography. Needless to say, she is qualified to make this statement, and I think that perhaps her interest and her dedication is quite clearly demonstrated by her determination to arrive at this hearing in spite of the airline strike and has gone to some extra effort to be with us here this morning. And I want to tell you on behalf of the members of the subcommittee and certainly the full committee that we are extremely appreciative of the efforts that you have made.

STATEMENT OF CAROLYN WHITENACK, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF LIBRARY SCIENCE AND AUDIOVISUAL EDUCATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Miss WHITENACK. Thank you very much, Senator Kennedy, for your very kind remarks.

Needless to say, I was terribly frustrated not to be here as your first witness because I could always consider it an honor to be the first witness, and I feel a little chagrined that the airlines could not come through.

Senator KENNEDY. Well, let me say that the subcommittee puts a priority on your testimony whether it comes first or second or in any order, so we are delighted to have you.

Miss WHITENACK. Thank you very much. I bring you greetings from the more than 7,000 librarians meeting now in New York City in their national conference.

I am associate professor of library and audiovisual education at Purdue, and I am here today to testify on behalf of the American Association of School Librarians, a division of the American Library Association.

The American Library Association is a nonprofit, professional organization of over 31,000 members including librarians and citizens devoted to the cause of developing school, college, public, and other types of libraries so that these agencies can carry out their essential role, contributing to the Nation's steady advancement. It is my privilege and pleasure to appear before this committee in support of those aspects of S. 3047 and H.R. 14644, which are of particular concern to libraries and librarians.

SUPPORT FOR EXPANDED EDUCATIONAL AID

Considering the increasing emphasis placed on education and specialized skills, and in the face of complex and expanding technology, it is essential that all our people be given every available tool to inform themselves to the limits of their capacities in order to lead productive lives. Based on this reasoning, the American Library Association endorses the provisions in the legislation before you to continue and expand Federal aid to institutions of higher education for the construction of facilities, including libraries. We also favor the extension of title III of the Higher Education Act, which is aimed at helping the Nation's developing institutions of higher education. These provisions are essential if our colleges and universities are to cope with the demands of accelerating enrollments and student needs to achieve excellence in education.

SUPPORTS AMENDMENT PROPOSED BY SENATOR CHURCH

In connection with Title II: Part A-College Library Resources, of the Higher Education Act of 1965, the American Library Association endorses amendment No. 635, recently proposed by Senator Church to S. 3047. The intent of this amendment is to correct certain inequities in the maintenance-of-effort provision in title II, part A-the program for college library resources.

As enacted, section 202 provides a basic assistance grant not to exceed $5,000, but limits such grants to schools that will spend as much as the annual average amount they spent for library improvements in the 2 years prior to June 30, 1965, and also, not less than the amount of the grant. The base period specified in section 202 (a) (1) would be retained for those schools which find it satisfactory, but language would be added to make the provision more flexible. It would permit institutions to use the 2-year period prior to the year the grant is requested for the purpose of proving maintenance of effort.

PURPOSE OF CHURCH AMENDMENT

The purpose of this amendment is to correct the current situation which penalizes small colleges for making outstanding, one-time improvements in their libraries. Such an extraordinary surge in expenditure in fiscal 1964 would then adversely affect their maintenance-ofeffort requirements in applying for title II funds. Unable to repeat the financial effort, those worthy institutions would be deprived of the basic grants to expand their library resources to meet growing student needs.

TITLE II, PART B-LIBRARY TRAINING AND RESEARCH

My greatest concern, because I am a professor of library education, is in relation to Title II: Part B-Library Training and Research. The association is pleased that the Congress recognized the need for well-trained, highly qualified librarians and authorized grants to institutions of higher education to assist them in training persons in librarianship. While there are shortages of librarians for all types of libraries, the most critical gap at the moment is in the school library

field.

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The acceleration of the expenditure of large amounts of money including such Federal programs as the Elementary and Secondary Act for school library resources and other printed and published materials has created an enormous demand for many more school librarians than are available.

PERSONNEL SHORTAGE

Even though commendable progress is being made in increasing the number of qualified school librarians, there still remains an acute shortage of personnel. Not more than 25 percent of the school libraries are staffed with trained librarians, and of those librarians many need additional institute-type training to meet the demands placed on today's school libraries. Lack of adequately trained professional school librarians is the most serious handicap in providing efficient school libraries that support every facet of the elementary and secondary programs of instruction.

SECTION 225, HIGHER EDUCATION ACT OF 1965

In view of the overwhelming need for school library personnel, we were distressed by the provision in the Higher Education Act of 1965 (sec. 225) which repealed the provisions for institutes for the training of school library personnel and school library supervisors as authorized under title XI, of the National Defense Education Act. We were heartened, however, by the language in Senate Report 673 (89th Cong., 1st sess.) on the Higher Education Act which states, and I quote:

CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTIVE

The committee was pleased to learn of the great enthusiasm that has been shown by persons interested in being trained or continuing their training in the field of library science and librarianship. This is evidenced this year by the large number of applicants for the 26 institutes that were conducted during the summer of 1965 under the authority of Title XI of the National Defense Education Act. Unfortunately, out of 5,509 applicants, only 966 applications could be accepted due to lack of sufficient facilities and resources. This serves as a

prime indication that the desire of persons in the field of librarianship to improve their qualifications is not lacking. What is lacking are sufficient resources to train the many interested persons. Title II, part B, of the present bill will offer not only an expanded program of summer library institutes but also regular sessions and short-term programs, fellowships, and traineeships.

It is our expectation, therefore, that this congressional directive will insure an increasing number of institutes for the training of school librarians to meet clearly identified needs and that the regulations governing the administration of this part of title II, part B on library training and research with its emphasis upon "the improvement of training in librarianship" will be interpreted as supporting not only traditional schools and academic programs, but also the institutes, short-term programs, fellowships, and traineeships in school librarianship. We should like to recommend also that the Commissioner be urged to add at least one school librarian of national stature to the special advisory committee authorized by the act.

Again I should like to express our appreciation for this opportunity to express our views on matters so essential to our mutual concern with the attainment of excellence in education.

You can see that my biggest concern is that this congressional directive will insure that the institutes and short-term programs and fellowships and traineeships will be in school librarianship as well as in training for all types of libraries.

I thank you very much for this opportunity to appear in support of this concern.

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. I want to thank you very much for your presentation, Miss Whitenack. Certainly your experience in this field gives extraordinary weight to the points which you have raised in your testimony, and I know it will certainly be considered in that light by the members of the committee.

I think that the points you raised are valid. I think that it is important that we receive the comments of the Office of Education, particularly with regard to the various points that have been suggested by your testimony, the institute report, and others. And I think it will be extremely worthwhile. So I want to certainly express the appreciation of the members of the subcommittee on this.

(The memorandum requested follows:)

MEMORANDUM FROM OFFICE OF EDUCATION, Department of Health, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE ON THE CONTINUATION OF SCHOOL LIBRARIAN INSTITUTES UNDER TITLE II OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT

The Office of Education is aware of the Congressional intent and direction given in the committee reports last year relative to the continuation of school librarian institutes under Title II of the Higher Education Act. The Commissioner of Education has assured the school librarians that these institutes will be continued under funds appropriated for Title II when the present authority for financing library institutes under Title XI of the NDEA expires at the beginning of fiscal year 1968.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF FUTURE LIBRARIANS

Do you find, yourself, it is kind of a vocation as far as taking library training now, and certainly it is a vocation or avocation, it is something which can really be stimulated and developed to attract the kind of people which are necessary to fulfill the void which is quite clear from your statement?

Miss WHITENACK. You have identified one of our key problems, Senator. It is the problem of recruitment.

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts.

Yes.

Miss WHITENACK. And we are making a national effort. We have recrutiment offices nationally and in every State to recruit young people and to bring back into the educational force people who would like to return to some form of work. Some of these represent housewives who now have their children in the schools and would like to have an opportunity to serve in an educational role again. And we are fortunate at Purdue to have a fellowship which permits us to at least have one person like this in a fellowship program next year. Manpower is a key problem. We are all working on this. This will be the focus of ALA in the 1966-67 year. We do not have any great answers to this. This is improving all the time, and I think the Federal fellowships and institute-type programs and the assistance to people to return to school has been most helpful.

This summer at Purdue we have 60 people. These 60 people were chosen from 621. And of these some people are back in school after 20