Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An IntroductionC.J. van Leeuwen, J.L.M. Hermens Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 M12 6 - 374 pages In recent years many developments have taken place in promote co-operation between governments and other the field of risk assessment of chemicals. Many reports parties involved in chemical safety and to provide policy have been published by national authorities, industries guidance with emphasis on regional and subregional co and scientific researchers as well as by international bod operation. The Inter-Organization Programme for the ies such as the European Union, the Organization of Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was estab Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and lished in 1995 and provides a mechanism for the six par the joint International Programme on Chemical Safety ticipating organizations (UNEP, ILO, FAO, UNIDO,WHO (IPCS) of the World Health Organization (WHO), the and OECD) to better co-ordinate policies and activities in International Labour Organization (lLO), and the United the field of chemical risk management. Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The present book is an introduction to risk assessment of The development and international harmonization of risk chemicals. It contains basic background information on assessment methods is an important challenge. In sources, emissions, distribution and fate processes for Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on exposure estimation. It includes dose-effects estimation Environment and Development (UNCED), chapter 19 is for both human health related toxicology and ecotoxicol entirely devoted to the management of chemicals. For ogy as well as information on estimation methodologies. one of its recommendations, i. e. |
Contents
1 | |
10 | |
16 | |
Generic approach to emission estimation | 29 |
TRANSPORT ACCUMULATION AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES | 37 |
EXPOSURE MODELLING | 103 |
TOXICITY TESTING AND HUMAN HEALTH | 147 |
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS | 175 |
PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES | 239 |
PROCEDURES OF HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT | 293 |
GLOSSARY | 339 |
INDEX | 363 |
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Common terms and phrases
acid acute toxicity adverse effects animals applied aquatic organisms Bilthoven bioaccumulation bioavailability bioconcentration biodegradation biological biomagnification biotransformation calculated carcinogenicity cells Chapter Chem chronic compartments compounds concentration contaminants Daphnia degradation derived developed distribution dose ecosystems ecotoxicity Ecotoxicology effects assessment emission endpoints environment Environmental Protection enzyme Equation equilibrium estimated evaluation example experimental exposure assessment extrapolation factors fate Figure fish function genotoxicity growth guidelines hazard Henry's law human hydrophobic intake lipophilic log Kow measured ment methods mg/L models molecular molecule Netherlands NOAEL NOEC OECD organic chemicals oxidation parameters partition coefficient pesticides phase physicochemical plant PNEC pollutants population potential predicted processes properties QSAR rate constant reaction relationships risk assessment risk management Section sediment soil sorption species steady-state studies substances surface water Table terrestrial tion tissues toxicity toxicity data toxicity tests Toxicol Toxicology transport uncertainty uptake values water solubility xenobiotics