their studies in the medical faculty. At the beginning of the thirties the philosophical faculty had already been consolidated so well that 18 per cent of all the students were enrolled in it, and they were all students who were not enrolled in any other faculty. Up to the year 1861 this proportion rose to 30 per cent, and up to 1881 to 41 per cent; in late years it has returned to a more normal state, and enrolls only 26.5 per cent, since both, the study of mathematics and natural science, as well as that of philology, have considerably decreased.

TABLE II.-Relative strength of the different faculties in all the German Universities.

4. THE PREPARATION OF GERMAN STUDENTS.

By far the greatest number of students have graduated from the gymnasium, for only the graduate of a gymnasium has the unlimited right to be matriculated in all faculties, and after having attended the lectures, be admitted to the state examinations that open the way to the learned professions in so far as they are, directly or indirectly, connected with official duties. Only in the philosophic faculty an exception from the requirement mentioned is made. Here the graduates of other high schools, with a nine years' course, are on equal footing in certain branches of science, and as "bona fide" students they are admitted to the examinations for academic degrees also. All others who aim at the acquisition of general culture only, or are preparing themselves for practical pursuits without claiming the right to state appointments, such as agriculturists, chemists, pharmacists, dentists, etc., are matriculated without having graduated from the gymnasium or real-gymnasium. In Prussia such young men are admitted if they have acquired the right to the one-year voluntary service in the army.

The statistics of Prussian universities give us very minute information concerning the number of graduates. Of the 10,825 German students who, on an average, studied during the six semesters from 1887-88 to 1890 in Prussian universities, there were 85.2 per cent graduates of gymnasia, 6.7 per cent graduates of real-gymnasia, 8.1 per cent had not graduated, Hence in the total number these last two items are not yet of considerable importance. For the philosophic faculty, though, these

small percentages are of vital importance, for it is in this faculty that they matriculate almost exclusively. Among the students of Protestant theology there was but one graduate of a real-gymnasium, and two had not graduated, probably because they were preparing for missionary service. Among the Catholic theologians there was but one graduate of a real-gymnasium. Among the students of law there were two, and one who had not graduated. Among the medical students 3 were graduates of a real-gymnasia, and 16 had not graduated. The philosophic faculty had on an average 1,816 German students, of whom only 49.1 per cent were graduates of gymnasia; 23 per cent were graduates of real-gymnasia, chiefly students of modern philology, mathematics, and natural sciences; 27.9 per cent had not graduated, these were chiefly agriculturists, chemists, pharmacists, and dentists.

From the other German universities outside of Prussia we have not such minute information. Only a few universities can be mentioned here. In the summer semester of 1892 Leipzig had 3,104 students, of whom 2,431 were graduates of German gymnasia, 119 graduates of real gymnasia, and 320 Germans and 234 foreigners had been admitted without having graduated from such schools. Expressed on the scale of 100, and leaving the foreigners out of consideration, we find that 84.8 per cent were graduates of gymnasia, 4.2 per cent of real-gymnasia, and 11 per cent had not graduated. Of 612 German students in the philosophic faculty 320, or more than one-half had not graduated. In Giessen 425 of the 570 German students were graduates of gymnasia, 96 graduates of real-gymnasia, 50 had not graduated-that is, less than one-fourth of the 216 members of the philosophic faculty.

5. NATIONALITY OF THE FOREIGN STUDENTS.

During the last two semesters there was an average of 1891 foreigners, or 6.7 per cent of all the students in German universities. This number has gradually increased, although it has somewhat fluctuated. In 1835-236 there were only 475, or 4.02 per cent; in 1870-'71 there were 753 or 6.1 per cent; in 1880-'81 the proportion was 5.16 per cent; at present it is 6.7 per cent. By far the greatest number of foreigners naturally flock to large cities. Berlin had 626 in winter of 1891-292, and 568 in summer of 1892; Munich had 18 in winter, 190 in summer; Leipzig 296 and 241-that is, together the three universities had on an average 1,052—or much more than one-half of all the foreigners.

If we compare the nationalities we find that the greatest number of students, namely, 415, or 22 per cent, comes from America. The number of Americans, coming almost exclusively from the United States, has increased extraordinarily during the last few years; within the last 10 years it has been doubled, and during the last 30 years it has been quadrupled. After America comes Russia with 20.4 per cent; then Austria-Hungary with 13.7 per cent; then Switzerland with 13. per Great Britain sends 7 per cent; Asia, especially Japan, is represented with 4.3 per cent.

cent.

The greatest number of foreigners are matriculated in the philosophic faculty; it absorbs 52.7 per cent of all the foreigners; the medical faculty has 25 per cent, the law faculty 13 per cent, the theological 9.3 per cent. Of the 1,000 foreigners in the philosophic faculties, the greatest number studied philology and history. Of the 308 foreigners in 1891-'92 matriculated in the philosophic faculty in Berlin, 203 studied philosophy and history, 66 mathematics and natural sciences, 20 agricul ture and political science, 9 pharmacy and dentistry. Only in Halle a great number of the students of agriculture and political science are foreigners; in summer of 1892 there were 75 foreigners among the 218 students of that class, and in the preceding winter there had been 89 foreigners among 272 students.

On an average 161 foreigners studied protestant theology during the last year-41 from Switzerland, 39 from Austria-Hungary, 36 from America. Only very recently have there been foreigners in the faculty of the Catholic theology; their number was 16, of whom 9 came from Switzerland. Fully one-third of the foreign theologians attend Berlin; the other two-thirds are found in the other 21 universities. Halle had 18, Tübingen 4, Leipzig 11, Jena 15, etc.

Of the 250 foreign law-students 85, or one-third, came from Switzerland, 32 from Austria-Hungary, 29 from Russia, 15 from Greece, 12 from America, 11 from Asia. Most of them attend the large centers. Berlin had 58, Leipzig 55, Munich 38, Heidelberg 37.

From Table IV we see that the greatest number of foreign students of medicine came from America, or 122 among 469, while 100 came from Russia, 60 from Switzerland, 38 from Asia. Berlin attracted 138 of them, Munich 60, Leipzig 24, Würzburg 44, Heidelberg 26.

TABLE IV.-Nationality of foreign students according to faculties.

The question, "How long do the students attend the university?” can not be answered with any degree of certainty. For those who afterward enter the State service or pass the State examinations, it might be possible to determine it from official documents, but statistics on this point have never been compiled. For those who enter other walks of life we are entirely without reliable sources of information. Prussian official statistics offer indications with regard to the German stu

dents in Prussian universities, by stating how many of the matriculated students of German descent are studying longer than is officially required as preparation for a certain profession. It is also stated how long those have studied who left the universities after completing their studies. Furthermore, it is stated how many semesters these students stayed longer than is officially prescribed for each profession. If this sum be divided by the number of students who finished the course we arrive at a tolerably correct average length of the course. Since, as we shall see later on, the students frequently change their university, the quotient found is not expressing the exact length, for that ought to be considered a little shorter. We must also consider that a great number of students perform their year of voluntary army duty during their university career. Of course during this time attendance upon lectures ceases. Hence there is a further distinction to be made; that is, between those who enter the army and those who do not. We add, also, the absolute numbers in order to offer a chance for proper comparison. The results in the margin can not lay claim to absolute correctness, inasmuch as the numbers compared are too small for comparison and calculation.

During the four semesters from the winter of 1886-'87 to the close of the summer of 1888, the following number of students completed their studies in Prussian universities:

It is of some interest to state how much the military service lengthens the course of study. It was found that the students of Protestant theology, who were not obliged to serve in the army, could complete their studies in 7-22 semesters, while those who did serve in the army required an average of 8-24 semesters. In the Catholic theologic facuyt the difference was very much greater; in the former case the duration was 9.77, in the latter 13-5 semesters. Military service lengthened the course of the law students about 1.5 semesters, while the course of the medical students was lengthened by not quite 1 semester. The philologists lost on an average 3 semesters; that is to say, they not only lost the one year spent in serving under arms, but had to add another semester in order to regain what they had lost during that time.

From the foregoing numbers we conclude that on a general average