2. THE DIFFERENT FACULTIES.

The German universities had, during the last few semesters, 3,850 students of Protestant theology, which is equal to 12-3 to every 100,000 Protestant inhabitants. This number far exceeds the demand, although not many years ago the number had risen to 4,500, or almost 15 to every 100,000 Protestants. This high tide did not begin until the eighth decade, while during the seventh the number of such students was between 1,700 and 1,900, which number was insufficient to fill all the vacant pulpits.

The number of students of Catholic theology falls short considerably of that of the Protestants, both in absolute and relative numbers. There were only 1,300, or 7.4 to every 100,000 Catholics, during the last few semesters. During the last years au increase is noticed, but it is not quite sufficient at present to meet the demand. At the close of the seventies, at the time of the "Culturkampf" in Prussia, the number had decreased to 700, or 4.2 to every 100,000 Catholics, while as early as the fifties, and still earlier, in the thirties, the number had been more than 1,300, or between 9-3 and 10 to every 100,000 Catholics.

The chief centers of Protestant theology are Berlin and Halle with over 600 students each, Leipzig with 500, Tübingen with 400, while Kiel, Heidelberg, Giessen, and Rostock have scarcely 100 each.

For Catholic theology Breslau and Bonn, Münster, and Freiburg, with over 200 students each, are of special importance, while Braunsberg has only 28.

The number of law students was 6,850 during the last two semesters, or 13.8 to every 100,000 inhabitants, which is almost twice as large as circumstances demand. At the beginning of the seventh decade, there were only 4,000; between 1856-'66 the average number was 2,800, a number which proved inadequate.

The law students crowd into large cities, and this tendency has shown itself more prominently than in former years. Thus we find in Berlin, Munich, and Leipzig over 1,000 law students, and in the winter semester of 1891-'92 as many as 1,557, or 52 per cent of all law students, inscribed in three universities.

Greifswald, Kiel, and Rostock have considerably less than 100, while the other universities have between 100 and 350. The law faculty of some universities shows remarkable differences between the attendance in summer and winter. Berlin naturally has greater attraction in winter than in summer; this explains why in winter the number of law students is greater by 400 than in summer. The southern German universities with beautiful surroundings, such as Tübingen, Kiel, and Freiburg, double their number of law students in the summer.

The medical faculty also shows an extraordinarily strong attendance in late years, namely, 8,600 or 17-4 to every 100,000 inhabitants. During the seventh decade, the number of students was scarcely half of

what it is now, namely, 3,600 or 8.4, while in the forties the number did not reach 2,000 or 5·5.

The greatest attraction for medical students Berlin seems to have with over 1,500 students during the last year. Munich with 1,000, then follow Leipzig with 860 and Würzburg with 730; Rostock has the lowest number, 138; the other universities have between 170 and 370. The philosophic faculty which, for a long time, was the best attended faculty in all German universities, has recently fallen somewhat behind the medical. It has now 7,400 students, or about 15 to every 100,000 inhabitants. Since the beginning of the eighth decade, when it had an attendance of 9,000, or about 20 to every 100,000 inhabitants, it has gradually gone back, so that now it has reached a normal number. During the sixties this faculty numbered 4,500, from 1846-'56 not quite 3,000 students, or about 8.8 to every 100,000 inhabitants.

The rather mixed composition of the philosophic faculty makes it necessary to analyze it and to judge each group separately. It contains, first of all, the large group of students of philology and history, who numbered during the last year 2,800, or 37.8 per cent of all the students of the philosophic faculty. How remarkably this number has decreased seen from the fact that in 1881 this group had 4,546 students, or about 53 per cent. Then comes the second group, that of students of mathematics and natural sciences, which had 2,150 students during the last year, or 28.6 per cent. In this group the number has decreased less than in the first, for in 1881 it had 2,682, or about 31.30 per cent. Still the decrease is quite perceptible. The third group comprises the students of political science, agriculture, forestry, mining, etc., which group is not easily analyzed. The number of students in this group fluctuates frequently and therefore offers no measurement for comparison, many of these students finishing their studies in other special schools which, though on a par with universities, are not distinctively universities. Thus, for instance, the special schools of agriculture in Berlin and Hohenheim, the forestry schools at Eberswalde, Münden, Tharandt, the mining academies at Freiberg and others, and the nine technical universities (polytechnica) for civil and mechanical engineering. While many of the students of agriculture attend universities in northern Germany, especially Halle, the students of forestry attend those of southern Germany, Munich, Tübingen, and Giessen. Students of political science also are found there more frequently because they find there a technical preparation for specific classes of civil offices, for which a thorough study of law is required in northern Germany. The third group, then, taken together, comprises 1,013, or 13.4 per cent which number shows a considerable increase which is probably owing to the organic connection of some academies of agriculture and forestry with universities, institutions which formerly had an independent existence.

In the lists of students we now generally find another category: the ED 92-22

students of pharmacy and dentistry. That these two classes of students are thrown together, is owing to the fact that their admission to the university is not dependent upon graduation from a gymnasium. Where this category was not specially mentioned, we went back of the summaries in order to complete our statistical analysis. Only for Tübingen we failed to do so, since the official report of that institution omits to state to what profession each student devotes himself. This source of error, however, is quite insignificant. The number which is withdrawn from observation in Tübingen, is replaced by 28 veterinary students in Giessen, the report of which enrolls them in the philosophic faculty. During the last two semesters 1,480 persons, or 20 per cent of the students of the philosophic faculty, belong to the group of students of pharmacy and dentistry. The greatest number is exhibited by Berlin, which has 276, Munich 258, Leipzig 186. By far the greatest number of them are students of pharmacy, only Berlin has the large number of 154 students of dentistry; Leipzig has only 36, Munich in the summer of 1892 only 3, Halle 7, Würzburg 8, Giessen 5. Altogether we count more than 330 students of dentistry in German universities. There are consequently about 1,150 students of pharmacy, while during the period of 1861-'71 there were only 470, which shows that this number of students has increased nearly 300 per cent.

3. THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF THE FACULTIES.

The relative strength of the faculties has changed very essentially in the course of time. At the beginning of this century, up to the fourth decade, theology played the most important part in German universities, for it enrolled nearly one-half, later on, one-third, of all the students. But during the forties the percentage fell to one-fourth, and during the seventies it receded to 13 per cent; since then it has increased to 18 per cent. In the Protestant theological faculty, the proportion of 16.8 per cent gradually decreased to 10 per cent, at the end of the seventies. In later years it fluctuated between 13 and 15 per cent. The fluctuations in the Catholic theology are much greater. At the beginning of the thirties it absorbed 11 per cent of all the students; after various changes during the years 1876 to 1886, it sank to its lowest point, 3.4 per cent, since then it has increased to 4.8 per cent.

The law faculty fluctuated between 20 and 33 per cent, taking the average by decades. At present it absorbs a little less than one-fourth of all the students, which would seem a normal state of affairs. The medical faculty had, up to the year 1881, between 15 and 21 per cent, but since then it has increased remarkably, and now stands in the foreground with over 30 per cent.

Students of the philosophic faculty, pure and proper, have been counted as such only during this century. Formerly they were absorbed by the other faculties, especially by that of theology, in which the teachers were being prepared, while the students of natural science completed