schools. It is also to aid teachers in procuring supplies at low prices. The institution is located on Heumarket No. 2; it has a board of managers.

11. People's School Museum at Rostock (Mecklenburg).-It was founded in 1887, and is the property of the museum society. Its catalogue has 2,200 numbers. Librarian, Teacher O. Obenhaus.

B. SWITZERLAND.

12. School Exhibition in Berne.—A private enterprise subsidized by the state and the city. The institution is located in the cavalry barracks. The members of a society for the maintenance of this institution tax themselves in order to secure the state subsidy. Teacher Lüthi is custodian.

13. Exposition scolaire permanente in Fribourg.-A private enter prise enjoying state subsidy. It was founded in 1883. This institution being situated near the border line of German Switzerland has assumed great importance, since it objectively displays German and French methods of teaching, besides promoting school education in general. The expenses are nearly covered by the income from admission tickets and State subsidies. Founder and custodian is Teacher Genoud, of Fribourg.

14. Exposition scolaire permanente in Neuchatel.-This institution is the property of the canton and was founded in 1887. Its purpose is to exhibit a collection of school furniture and supplies and offer advice to teachers and school officers for procuring them. It is located in the academy building. President, Ami Guebhart.

15. Pestalozzianum in Zürich.-It was founded in 1875, receives subsidies from the federal and the cantonal government, and enjoys special care from the Society of the Pestalozzianum at Zürich. Purpose of the institution is the development of the Swiss school system. This is aimed at by showing the present condition of the schools and suggesting comparison. The museum is located in a hotel, "The Rüden," in Zürich; it will soon have its own home. Surplus, 4,000 francs ($800). The property of the museum is estimated at 55,922 francs ($11,000); the objects on exhibition alone have an estimated value of 42,415 francs. Director, Dr. Hunziker.

C. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

16. Permanent School Exhibition in Graz.-This is a private enterprise of Messrs. Nickl, Lochbihler, and Kmetisch, three teachers. The exhibition contains 6,842 objects and collections; the library contains 2,000 volumes; 75 periodicals are taken. This institution is not confined to appliances for elementary teaching, but a great number of objects are intended to illustrate and aid teaching in secondary schools, universities, and professional schools. An insufficient income is derived from subsidies on the part of the Empire, the state, the city

council, and the Styrian savings bank. The institution has seven large rooms on the second floor of a city school (Schul-Strasse No. 5). A committee manages it. Custodian, Teacher Nickl; its organ, First Austrian-Hungarian Teaching Appliance Magazine.

17. Permanent Exhibition of the German Teachers' Association at Innsbruck, Tirol. This is not opened yet, being still in process of construction. The German teachers of the crownland Tirol are the owners. Custodian, Teacher Fleisch, in Innsbruck.

18. State Exhibition of School Appliances at Buda-Pesth.-This is a state institution and confines itself almost entirely to elementary schools. The catalogue contains 5,000 numbers, valued at 9,000-10,000 florins ($3,213-$3,570). This museum has an annual income of $393. It is located in the Pædagogium. Custodian, Franz. Girokuthy.

D. NETHERLANDS.

19. Netherland School Museum at Amsterdam.-It originated in 1876 from a pedagogical library and is now located at Keisersgracht No. 121. Custodian, Editor Lalleman.

20. School Museum at Rotterdam.-This institution is similar to the aforementioned, but younger.

E. BELGIUM.

21. National School Museum at Brussels. This institution is a state concern. It has three large halls used for purposes of exhibition, an educational library, and several work and reading rooms. The museum halls contain models of a kindergarten, schoolrooms, Froebel collections. etc. The state granted an appropriation of 16,200 francs (or $3,240), The originator of the institution is A. J. Germain, who is at present its general director.

F. FRANCE.

22. Pedagogical Museum and Central Library of Elementary Instruction at Paris.-It was founded in 1878 and is a state institution. Its purpose is to collect, arrange, and make available everything which will shed light on the history and the present status of school and education in France and foreign countries. Its income during 1886-1888 was $8,000 a year. The institution is located in the manual training school, Rue Gay-Lussac No. 41, and occupies 30 rooms. Under the name central library nine separate libraries are managed: The Rapet library, the general library, the reserve, the circulating library, the library of fiction, the collection of French and foreign educational documents, the library of duplicates, and that of pupils' work. The museum contains atlases and illustrated works on school architecture, art collections, results of manual skill, the most varied appliances for teaching, a collection of school buildings "en miniature," etc. The present director is Jules Steeg.

G. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

23. Educational Division of South Kensington Museum at London.This is a state institution. Object of the library is to offer to teachers and other educators opportunities to examine and compare the different publications on schools and theory and practice of education. It has a scientific collection designed to meet the demands of students and those who prepare themselves for examinations. The library at present contains 45,099 volumes without counting duplicates. The management lies in the hands of a committee of the council of education.

H. PORTUGAL.

24. Municipal Pedagogical Museum at Lisbon.-It was founded in 1882, and is managed by Ad. Coelho, but seems to languish from want of interest.

I. RUSSIA.

25. Pedagogical Museum of the Military Schools at St. Petersburg. - This is a state institution and belongs to the department of war, hence has a different purpose from other school museums. The collections occupy 3,200 square meters floor space, 6,400 square meters wall space, and 5,300 square meters space on shelves.

J. SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

26. Pedagogical Library at Stockholm. - This is an institution of the city teachers. It was opened in 1885. The library is designed to aid principals, teachers, candidates, and authors in their work. The state pays a subsidy of 1,500 crowns (or $393). Number of volumes, 10,600. Director, Dr. Lagerstedt; librarian, Dr. Planck.

K. DENMARK.

27. Danish School Museum at Copenhagen. -This has been opened quite recently. It is located on Gl. Kongevej, No. 15. Librarian, Emil Sáuter.

L. SPAIN.

28. Pedagogical Museum at Madrid.-It was established by the state. in 1882 and is under supervision of the general director of public instruction. It confines itself to illustrating education at home, in kindergarten, and the elementary school. Annual appropriation, about $1,000. Director, Manuel B. Cossio.

M. UNITED STATES.

29. Division of Library and Museum of the Bureau of Education at Washington.-This institution was founded in 1869. Purpose of the museum is to enable teachers and all who are interested in education

to examine and study appliances and illustrations for teaching in use in America and foreign countries, and to utilize the knowledge thus gained for the improvement of American education. The library in 1891 contained 43,500 volumes and 120,000 pamphlets. The museum contained in that year about 20,000 articles and collections. The appropriations vary, being determined by the U. S. Congress annually. During the last ten years the cost of maintenance and new purchases were about $10,000 annually.

N. CANADA.

30. Educational Museum at Toronto.-This is a governmental institution founded in 1853. It is located in one of the schools.

O. BRAZIL.

31. National School Museum at Rio de Janeiro.-This is a private enterprise consisting of teaching appliances and an educational library.

P. JAPAN.

32. Pedagogical Museum at Tokio.-This is a state institution. In 1885 the library contained 26,282 volumes. The museum consists of school furniture, school appliances, zoological, botanical, and mineralogical collections. Director, M. S. Tegima.

Q. AUSTRALIA.

33. School Museum at Melbourne.-This was temporarily established in connection with the World's Exposition. At present a plan is being matured to establish it on a firm basis after the example of the museum in Paris.

CHAPTER X.

GERMAN UNIVERSITIES.

[From a work prepared for the German educational exhibit in Chicago by Prof. W. Lexis.']

CONTENTS.

PART I-CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GERMAN UNIVERSITIES, BY FR. PAULSEN, BERLIN.

Introduction, Types of universities; General character of German universities.—I: Sketch of their historical development; (A) The Middle Ages, Origin, Foundation, Organization, Attendance, Regulations of life and conduct, Teachers, Curricula of studies, Form and contents of instruction; (B) Modern times, Renaissance and reformation, Confessional universities The eighteenth century, The nineteenth century.—II: Relation of German universities to state, church, and society; (4) Relation to state; (B) Relation to church; (C) Relation to society.-III: University professors and university instruction, Professors and private docents, Their teaching lectures, scminaries, freedom of teaching.-IV: The students and their work; Preparation, Age of students, Vacations, Conditions of life, Costs of university career. Change of universities, clubs and societies, Study, Freedom of study, Means of study and their use, Examinations; Conclusion: The unity of the university.—Appendixes: (A) List of universities arranged to date of founding; (B) Bibliography.

PART II.-GENERAL STATISTICS OF GERMAN UNIVERSITIES, BY J. CONRAD, HALLE. (I) General view, The separate faculties, The relation of the faculties to each other, The preparation of students, Foreigners studying in Germany, Length of study and average length of stay in each university, Army service, Age of students, Occupation and profession of parents, Religion of German students, The professors, Promotions and degrees, Income and expenditures of German universities, Costs of study, Benefices.

PART I.

CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN

UNIVERSITIES.

[Written for the Columbian World's Exposition by Prof. F. Paulsen, Berlin.]

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES,

The many varied forms of universities of the present day may be traced back to or grouped around three types: the English, French, and German types.

Translated by Dr. L. R. Klemm, specialist in German education.