Mohammed and the Arabian conquests; (Mohammed and the Islam; Omar). Charlemagne; Louis the Pious; Division of the empire; The Carlovingians in Germany; (Charles the Great; How Emperor Charles visited schools; Wittekind's end and grave in Eger; King Karl's voyage; The Paladine's battles and fall at Ronncesvalles). Conrad I and the Saxon Emperors; (The coronation of Otto I; Emperor Otto I; Henry the Fowler; Battle with the Huns; Battle on the Lechfield).

The Salic-Frankish Kings; (Election of an emperor). Lothair of Saxony and the Hohenstaufen emperors; (Barbarossa; Frederick the Red-beard; Stories of Emperor Frederick I in the Kyffhäuser mountain; Barbarossa and Henry the Lion-hearted; death of Frederick I); The end of the Hohenstaufens; The interregnum; The first crusade; (The last of the Hohenstaufens; The holy lance of Antiochia; The execution of Conrad III). The other crusades; Time of the greatest power of the popes; The religious orders; (The time of chivalry). German civilization from the ninth to the thirteenth century; (A picture of cities in the thirteenth century; Pictures from the Middle Ages).

Methods of teaching history; Rudolf of Hapsburg; Adolf of Nassau; Albrecht I; (Rudolf of Hapsburg; Emperor Rudolf's ride to the grave; The count of Hapsburg.) Model and test lessons; Henry VII; Louis the Bavarian and Frederick the Beautiful. Charles IV; Wenzel; Ruprecht of the Palatinate; Sigismund; John Huss; The war of the Hussites. Albrecht II; Frederick III; Matthias Corvinus; Charles the Bold; The war of independence of the Swiss; Maximilian; Civilization of the Germans in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; (Maximilian; The Martin's Wall; William Tell; The battle at Sempach.) Italy and Spain during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; Introduction to the study of the new era; Discoveries and inventions; Columbus; Gutenberg; Conquests; Cortez and Pizarro; Conquest of Constantinople by the Moslems; (Columbus; The last supper by Leonardo da Vinci.)

The church reformation in Germany; Martin Luther; Philip Melanchthon; Zwingli; Calvin; (Luther's circular letter to the Burgomasters.) Charles V and his wars; The Schmalkaldian war; Wars of independence of the Dutch; (Duke of Alba at breakfast in the castle of Rudolstadt; The pilgrim of St. Just; Charles V.) Brief history of France up to Henry IV; Brief history of England up to Elizabeth; Introduction of the reformation in Scandinavia. Ferdinand I; Maximilian II; Rudolf II; Matthias; The thirty years' war; Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus; (Wallenstein.) Conditions of civilization and culture during the reformation and the century following it; (German city life at the beginning of the seventeenth century.)

Grade Third.

Louis XIV; The Stuarts in England and the two revolutions; Oliver Cromwell; The ascension of the house of Hanover: The Turkish wars; Leopold I; (Prince Eugene before Belgrade). The Spanish war of succession; Poland, Sweden, and Russia before the Northern war; Peter the Great; The Northern war; Charles XII of Sweden; August the Strong of Saxony; The Polish war of succession; The American war of independence; The French revolution; Liberation of Greece; (Alexander Ypsilanti upon Munkacs; The little Hydriot); Review.

The people of the Margraviate of Brandenburg; The oldest times; Founding of the North Mark; The eras of Charles the Great, Henry I, and Otto I; Margrave Gero; The rulers of the Ascanian dynasty; (The Court of the Ballenstædter); The Margraves of the Bavarian dynasty; The electors of the Luxemburg dynasty; The history of the Hohenzollerns from their ascension; Frederick I; (The fall of the Quitzows). The electors; Frederick II; Albrecht Achilles; John Cicero; Joachim I. The introduction of the reformation into Brandenburg; Joachim II; The history of the Prussians up to the year 1525; John George. Joachim Frederick; John. Sigismund; George William; Review of the history of Braudenburg up to 1610. (The old Berlin.)

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the course of study prescribed for the normal school in Halberstadt, the institution of which the famous Dr. Kehr was principal for many years. We choose the chapter "History and literature" to show how the two subjects are taught so as to supplement one another. Titles in parentheses are those of literary masterpieces,

DETAILED COURSE IN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.

Grade first.

(Selections from literary masterpieces are inclosed in parentheses.)

Definition and division of history; First beginnings of states; Oriental life; The Egyptians; (An Egyptian funeral; The Nile). Geography of Asia Minor and adjoining countries in antiquity; The Assyrians; Babylonians; Medes; Cyrus; (Belshazzar; Nineveh; Grave of Cyrus). The Persian Empire; The Phoenicians; The people of Israel; (Tyrus). Geography of Ancient Greece; Greek islands and colonies; Primitive people; The heroic age; Greek mythology; Homer; The Dorian invasion; Codrus; (Capture and destruction of Troy; Mythological stories of Ancient Greece; The ring of Polycrates; Cassandra; The festival of victory; Combat between Hector and Ajax).

The laws of Lycurgus and Solon; Pisistratus; (Athenian education according to the laws of Solon); The Persian wars; Miltiades; Leonidas; Themistocles; Aristides; Pausanias; Cimon; (The Persian wars and their consequences; Xerxes and the battle at Thermopyla; Themistocles). The Age of Pericles; The Peloponnesian war; Alcibiades; Socrates; Lysander; (Socrates); The city of Athens during the age of Pericles; Sparta's predominance; The Corinthian war; Agesilaus; Thebes' predominance; Pelopidas; Epaminondas; Philip of Macedonia; Demosthenes; (Demosthenes). The Empire of Alexander the Great; Culture and civilization of the Greeks; Youth and education of Alexander; (Alexander the Great with the Amaliers). Geography of ancient Italy; Tribes; Founding of Rome; Rome under the kings; (Romulus and the founding of Rome). Wars for the preservation of the Republic; Brutus; Horatius Cocles; Mucius Scævola; Internal wars; Menenius Agrippa; Coriolanus; The Decemvirs; The Gauls in Rome; Camillus; The Licinian laws. Wars for the possession of middle and lower Italy; Causes of the Punic wars; (Pyrrhus). The Punic wars; Regulus; Hannibal. The Scipios; (Scipio). The wars of the Romans in the East; The disturbances of the Gracchi; The Cimbrians and Teutons; (Agriculture among the Romans).

Marius and Sulla; Pompey and Cæsar; Brutus; Octavius; (Julius Cæsar; Roman scenes; Degeneration of morals in Rome); Imperial Rome up to Diocletian; Culture and civilization of the Romans; (Condition of morals of the Roman Empire; Character of Augustus; The destruction of Herculanum and Pompeii; The death of Tiberius). Christ; Christianity during the first three centuries. The Roman Empire from Diocletian to Romulus Augustulus; Constantine the Great; Theodosius the Great; General Review.

Grade second.

Ancient Germany; Land and people; German tribes; Contests between the Romans and the Germans; Arminius; Germanicus; Union of tribes; Beginning of the great migration; (The religion of the ancient Germans; Hermann, Germany's deliverer; death of Drusus; The battle in the Teutoburger forest). The great migration; The Goths; Alaric; Genseric; Attila; Odoacer, (Theodoric the Great; Belisarius and Narses; The Longobards; The grave in the Busento River; Eudoxia; Attila; The battle on the Catalaunian fields). Founding of the empire of the Franks; Clovis; The Merovingians; The major domo; Pepin the Little; Extension of Christianity among Germanic people; Establishment of monasteries; The Fendal system; Justinian;

Mohammed and the Arabian conquests; (Mohammed and the Islam; Omar). Charlemagne; Louis the Pious; Division of the empire; The Carlovingians in Germany; (Charles the Great; How Emperor Charles visited schools; Wittekind's end and grave in Eger; King Karl's voyage; The Paladine's battles and fall at Ronncesvalles). Conrad I and the Saxon Emperors; (The coronation of Otto I; Emperor Otto I; Henry the Fowler; Battle with the Huns; Battle on the Lechfield).

The Salic-Frankish Kings; (Election of an emperor). Lothair of Saxony and the Hohenstaufen emperors; (Barbarossa; Frederick the Red-beard; Stories of Emperor Frederick I in the Kyffhäuser mountain; Barbarossa and Henry the Lion-hearted; death of Frederick I); The end of the Hohenstaufens; The interregnum; The first crusade; (The last of the Hohenstaufens; The holy lance of Antiochia; The execution of Conrad III). The other crusades; Time of the greatest power of the popes; The religious orders; (The time of chivalry). German civilization from the ninth to the thirteenth century; (A picture of cities in the thirteenth century; Pictures from the Middle Ages).

Methods of teaching history; Rudolf of Hapsburg; Adolf of Nassau; Albrecht I; (Rudolf of Hapsburg; Emperor Rudolf's ride to the grave; The count of Hapsburg.) Model and test lessons; Henry VII; Louis the Bavarian and Frederick the Beautiful. Charles IV; Wenzel; Ruprecht of the Palatinate; Sigismund; John Huss; The war of the Hussites. Albrecht II; Frederick III; Matthias Corvinus; Charles the Bold; The war of independence of the Swiss; Maximilian; Civilization of the Germans in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; (Maximilian; The Martin's Wall; William Tell; The battle at Sempach.) Italy and Spain during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; Introduction to the study of the new era; Discoveries and inventions; Columbus; Gutenberg; Conquests; Cortez and Pizarro; Conquest of Constantinople by the Moslems; (Columbus; The last supper by Leonardo da Vinci.)

The church reformation in Germany; Martin Luther; Philip Melanchthon; Zwingli; Calvin; (Luther's circular letter to the Burgomasters.) Charles V and his wars; The Schmalkaldian war; Wars of independence of the Dutch; (Duke of Alba at breakfast in the castle of Rudolstadt; The pilgrim of St. Just; Charles V.) Brief history of France up to Henry IV; Brief history of England up to Elizabeth; Introduction of the reformation in Scandinavia. Ferdinand I; Maximilian II; Rudolf II; Matthias; The thirty years' war; Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus; (Wallenstein.) Conditions of civilization and culture during the reformation and the century following it; (German city life at the beginning of the seventeenth century.)

Grade Third.

Louis XIV; The Stuarts in England and the two revolutions; Oliver Cromwell; The ascension of the house of Hanover: The Turkish wars; Leopold I; (Princo Eugene before Belgrade). The Spanish war of succession; Poland, Sweden, and Russia before the Northern war; Peter the Great; The Northern war; Charles XII of Sweden; August the Strong of Saxony; The Polish war of succession; The American war of independence; The French revolution; Liberation of Greece; (Alexander Ypsilanti upon Munkacs; The little Hydriot); Review.

The people of the Margraviate of Brandenburg; The oldest times; Founding of the North Mark; The eras of Charles the Great, Henry I, and Otto I; Margrave Gero; The rulers of the Ascanian dynasty; (The Court of the Ballenstædter); The Margraves of the Bavarian dynasty; The electors of the Luxemburg dynasty; The history of the Hohenzollerns from their ascension; Frederick I; (The fall of the Quitzows). The electors; Frederick II; Albrecht Achilles; John Cicero; Joachim I. The introduction of the reformation into Brandenburg; Joachim II; The history of the Prussians up to the year 1525; John George. Joachim Frederick; John. Sigismund; George William; Review of the history of Braudenburg up to 1610. (The old Berlin.)

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Frederick William the great elector; Frederick III; (Frederick William the great elector; Fehrbellin.) King Frederick I; Frederick William I; Youth of Frederick II; (Frederick William I to his son). Frederick the Great; (Frederick II and his valet; From the life of Frederick; Frederick II surnamed the Great; Ziethen; The hymn at Leuthen; From letters of Frederick; Speech of Frederick II before the battle of Leuthen; Hymn upon Frederick the Great; How Frederick Germanized the Netze district.) Frederick William II; The coalition wars of Frederick William III; The battle of Jena. Prussia's regeneration; The wars of independence from the rule of Napoleon; Queen Louise; Later period of Frederick William III; (The bugler at the Katzbach; Lützow's wild chase; Before Blücher's statue; Queen Louise in Tilsit; The Prussian people in 1813; The battle of Nations at Leipzig; From the life of Frederick William III; Andreas Hofer; The Song of the Field Marshal).

Review of Prussian history from 1640 to 1840; Frederick William IV; (A word from old Blücher; Prussian generals; Prussian heroes of 1813 and 1815; Frederick William's last will; Queen Louise's letter to her father; King Frederick William's appeal to his people; The song of Schill; Baron von Stein; Waterloo). King William; The Schleswig-Holstein war; The war with Austria; Causes of the war with France; (The song of Düppel. The French pretensions of 1870). The Franco-German war; Reëstablishment of the German empire; Emperor William as regent, king, and emperor; Historical literature, especially juvenile books. (From a letter of July 9, 1866; The capitulation of Sedan; The new German empire; The nineteenth of July, 1870; The trumpet of Gravelotte; Strasburg; The watch on the Rhine; On the third of September; The hymn of Kaiserslautern; The flag of the Sixty-first regiment; Two anecdotes from the French war; King William to the Queen about the battle of Sedan); Review of the entire course of the year in form of lectures by the students.

This is the detailed course in history, coupled with a course in historical and literary reading, followed by the students in the normal school of Halberstadt.

IV.-PROFESSIONAL STUDY OF GERMAN TEACHERS.

The course of study pursued in Prussian normal schools (see pp. 162-667) shows that among the branches taught pedagogy is mentioned. To an American reader this term may possibly convey an erroneous meaning. Hence it is desirable to define it by giving a synopsis of the course in pedagogy prescribed. We see from it that pedagogy is a collective term, embracing the history, science, and practice of teaching, or, to use a more comprehensive term, education. The synopsis is taken from a text-book on pedagogy now in use in the majority of Prussian normal schools. Its title is Lehrbuch der Pädagogik, by Dr. W. Ostermann and L. Wegner (Osnabrück, 1891), 2 volumes.

SYNOPSIS OF THE COURSE IN PEDAGOGY.

Introduction; definition and classification of pedagogy.

FIRST PART.-HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN EDUCATION.

(1) Importance of Christianity for the development of education.

(2) Christ a model of the Christian educator.

(3) Education during the first centuries of the Christian era. (4) Christian pedagogy on German soil.

(5) The first Christian educational institutions in Germany: (a) Convent schools; (b) endowed schools (Stiftsschulen).

(6) School reform of Charlemagne.

(7) Education during the age of chivalry.

(8) German city schools at the close of the Middle Ages.

(9) Revival of letters.

(10) Pedagogical science during the Middle Ages.

(11) Education during the era of Reformation: (a) Pedagogical importance of the Reformation; (b) pedagogical activity of the great reformers, (aa) Luther, (bb) Philip Melanchthon, (cc) Johann Bugenhagen.

(12) Educational reformers of the Seventeenth century: (a) Wolfgang Ratichius, (b) Amos Comenius.

(13) The Era of Pietism: (a) Philip Jacob Spener: (b) Aug. Herm. Francke. (14) Jean Jacques Rousseau.

(15) The Philanthropists: Basedow.

(16) Friedr. Eberhard v. Rochow.

(17) Johann Heinr. Pestalozzi, his biography, personality, and activity.

(18) Other noted educators of the Nineteenth century.

(19) Brief systematic survey of the historical development of German popular education: (a) Before the Reformation: (b) during the Reformation, (c) during the Seventeenth, (d) Eighteenth, and (e) Nineteenth centuries.

Appendix: Special schools and institutions.

SECOND PART.-PSYCHOLOGY AND LOGIC.

Introduction; definition and classification.

A. Intellect (Die vorstellende Seele).

(1) Perceptions (Emfinden und Wahrnehmen): (a) The nervous system as physical organ of perception; (b) origin and essence of perception; (aa) the different kinds of perception; (bb) general theory; (c) representation and objectivity; (d) perception and apperception.

(2) Conceptions (Vorstellungen): (a) Origin, essence, and differences of concepts; (b) reproduction, consciousness, and unconsciousness of concepts; (c) change and combination of concepts; (aa) mechanical procedure; (bb) logical procedure (logical thought, understanding, intelligence); (cc) logical forms of thought, idea, judgment, conclusion; (dd) the understanding as original faculty of the soul, and training of the intellect; (d) attention; (e) memory; (f) imagination.

B. Emotion (Die fühlende Seele).

(1) Kinds of emotions: (a) Emotions of pleasure and displeasure, mixed emotions; (b) sensual and spiritual emotions, (aa) intellectual and (bb) æsthetic emotions; (c) Sympathy; (d) Ethical emotions; (e) Religious emotions. (f) Emotional disturbances ("Die Affecte").

(2) General remarks concerning origin and importance of emotions.

C. Volition (Die begehrende und wollende Seele).

(1) Desires (impulses, affections, passions).

(2) The will: (a) Difference between desire and will, (b) freedom of the will; (c) kinds of volition; (d) character.

(3) The relation of desires and will to intellect and emotions.

Individual differences in psychical life. Existence and essence of the soul: (a) Human individuality; (b) existence and essence of the soul.

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